TL;DR: It is found that SARS-CoV-2 replication induces a delayed interferon (IFN) response in lung epithelial cells and that IRF-3, -5, and NF-kB/p65 are the key transcription factors regulating the IFN response during Sars-Cov-2 infection.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the D614G mutation on a soluble S ectodomain construct were explored and the results elucidate SARS-CoV-2 conformational landscape and allostery and have implications for vaccine design.

TL;DR: In this paper, Gpx4-deficient Treg cells elevate generation of mitochondrial superoxide and production of interleukin-1β (IL-1α) that facilitates T helper 17 (TH17) responses.

TL;DR: It is found that the antiviral activity of Cyclosporine is targeting Cyclophilin rather than Calcineurin revealing essential host targets that have the potential for rapid clinical implementation.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate neutralization of a series of mutated spike pseudotypes based on divergence from SARS-CoV and then compare the B.1.7 spike pseudotype and individual mutations and highlight the need for effective real-time monitoring of emerging mutations and their effect on vaccine efficacy.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify and characterize ADAR1's interaction with Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1), defining its role in cell death regulation and tumorigenesis.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify a quiescent COL17A1high KRT15high stem/progenitor cell population in the most basal cell layer of the esophagus and detect substantial gene expression differences between identical cell types of the human and mouse stomach.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated m6A modification of the SARS-CoV-2 gene in regulating the host cell innate immune response and found that depletion of the host-cell m6a methyltransferase METTL3 decreases m6As levels in SARS and host genes, and reduction in viral RNA increases RIGI binding and subsequently enhances the downstream innate immune signaling pathway and inflammatory gene expression.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe that, with high-fat, high-sucrose-diet feeding, mature TIM4pos Kupffer cells (KCs) decrease in number, while monocyte-derived Tim4neg macrophages accumulate.

TL;DR: In this paper, a detrimental role of ApoE4 in regulating fatty acid (FA) metabolism across neuron and astrocyte in tandem with their distinctive mitochondrial phenotypes is described.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors systematically analyzed the impact of SARS-CoV-2 proteins on interferon (IFN) responses and autophagy, and they showed that SARS co-virus 2 proteins synergize to counteract anti-viral immune responses.

TL;DR: Zhang et al. as discussed by the authors showed that ORF9b immediately accumulates and antagonizes the antiviral type I IFN response during SARS-CoV-2 infection on primary human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify TREM2+ tumorassociated macrophages (TAMs) as being correlated with exhausted CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in mouse syngeneic tumor models and human solid tumors of multiple histological types.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T-cell responses, soluble markers of inflammation, and antibody levels and neutralization capacity longitudinally in 70 individuals with PCR-confirmed SARS CoV 2 infection.

TL;DR: This article investigated whether lysine lactylation (Kla), a lactate-derived post-translational modification in macrophages, occurs in brain cells and if it does, whether Kla is induced by the stimuli that accompany changes in lactate levels.

TL;DR: Anipose as discussed by the authors is an open-source toolkit for robust markerless 3D pose estimation, built on the 2D tracking method DeepLabCut, so users can expand their existing experimental setups to obtain accurate 3D tracking.

TL;DR: In this paper, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the symbiotic interactions between CSCs and immune cells and how such heterotypic signaling maintains a tumor-promoting ecosystem and informs therapeutic strategies intercepting this co-dependency.

TL;DR: In this article, the 1st and 2nd doses of BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer/BioNtech) vaccine in antigen-naive and in previously coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-infected individuals (NCT04743388) were compared.

TL;DR: This paper showed that the early and sustained microglial proliferation seen in an AD-like model promotes replicative senescence, characterized by increased β-gal activity, a senencence-associated transcriptional signature, and telomere shortening, correlating with the appearance of disease-associated microglia (DAM) and senescent micro glial profiles in human post-mortem AD cases.

TL;DR: In this paper, Gut microbiota-derived metabolites, particularly propionate, reduce IL-17 and IL-22 production by intestinal T-cells in a histone deacetylase-dependent manner.

TL;DR: In this paper, the diversity of circulating human B cells is examined using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to examine diversity of both antigen-specific and total B cells in healthy subjects and malaria-exposed individuals.

TL;DR: In this article, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library targeting metabolic enzymes was used to identify pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) as the top gene responsible for ferroptosis resistance.

TL;DR: In this article, global quantitative time-course proteomics and phosphoproteomics paired with transcriptomics provide a comprehensive characterization of temporal changes in cell metabolism, cellular functions, and signaling pathways that occur during the induction phase of M1- versus M2-type polarization.

TL;DR: In this paper, the contribution of non-canonical translation to the proteome and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I immunopeptidome was investigated.

TL;DR: Itaconate is a unique regulatory metabolite that is induced upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation in myeloid cells, and it is shown that itaconate acts synergistically with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and that the ability of various TLR ligands to establish NLRP3 inflammasome tolerance depends on the pattern of co-expression of IRG1 and iNOS as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In this article, a PCR-based, bacterium-free method was proposed to generate SARS-CoV-2 infectious clones. But the method was limited by the lack of convenient mutagenesis methods.

TL;DR: In this paper, static tension impacts immune cell function, maturation, and metabolism, and is a critical environmental cue of bone-marrow-derived and/or splenic dendritic cells.

TL;DR: In this paper, comparative open chromatin analysis was used to identify thousands of human-neocortical-subclass-specific putative enhancers from across the genome to control gene expression in adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors.