Due to the advantages of renewable, low pollution and wide distribution of biomass resources, it is selected as the electrode material for supercapacitors. For carbon-based electrode materials, specific surface area (SSA) and pore structure have a great influence. Exploring and summarizing the influence of activation on pore structure will greatly broaden this field. Based on the activation mechanism of activator, this paper summarizes the latest progress of biomass activation applied to supercapacitors, including traditional physical and chemical activation methods and non-traditional methods such as biological activation method, self-activation method template assisted activation method and green activator activation. Finally, the challenges, strategies and prospects for the future development of biomass-derived carbon material activation are pointed out. In summary, this review will help researchers choose appropriate strategies to design biomass-derived carbon electrode materials for supercapacitors, thereby promoting the application of biomass materials. 

Activation of biomass-derived porous carbon for supercapacitors: A review

Herein, we used a one-pot method to fabricate a novel MOF-on-MOF adsorbent, namely MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce). The adsorbent demonstrated a high maximum fluoride-ions capture capacity of 164.47 mg g−1. The morphology, elemental distribution, pore size distribution, and thermal stability were studied using SEM-EDS, XRD, BET, and TGA. The influence of the temperature, solution pH, fluoride concentration, and coexisting ions was explored using intermittent experiments. The results suggested that MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce) had a fast capture rate for fluoride. MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce) maintained an excellent fluoride removal performance over a wide pH range with an initial fluoride concentration of 20 mg L−1. The optimal effect was obtained at a pH of 4, but a high removal efficiency of 94% was maintained even at a pH of 9. Interference experiments showed that only the PO43– had an adverse inhibition influence. The field experiments demonstrated that MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce) can keep the safety threshold levels of fluoride in drinking water. The Langmuir and pseudo-second order kinetic models were well fitted for the defluoridation process, demonstrating that the adsorption of fluoride ions on MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce) was dominated by monolayer chemisorption. With the further characterization and kinetic thermodynamic studies indicates that the removal mechanism involves ion exchange, electrostatic interactions and complexation effect. 

Novel MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce) adsorbent for elimination of excess fluoride from aqueous solution

Carbon materials were widely used as electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption due to their advantages of light weight, environmental resistance and high electrical conductivity. However, conventional means were typically available by combining carbon and other materials to achieve effective absorption. Herein, a novel strategy using pure carbon aerogel with oriented structure was reported to enhance the EM wave absorption by synergistically modulating the wave propagation path and carbonization degree. The aerogel contained proposed modified carbon nanofibers (MCNF) derived from bacterial cellulose (BC), and core-shell carbon nanofibers @ reduced oxide graphene (CNF@RGO). The oriented structure was induced by the temperature field, which manifests anisotropic EM constitutive parameters (εx ≠ εz) at different directions of incident wave. The carbonization degree was adjusted by varying the carbonization temperature. At the carbonization temperature of 700 °C, the maximum reflection loss and effective absorption bandwidth reached -53.94 dB and 7.14 GHz, respectively, enabling the aerogel to outperform its previous counterparts. To clarify the EM wave mode-of-action in conjunction, physical models of the aerogel were established in addition to finite element simulation and theoretical analysis. Notably, the aerogel with a density of 3.6 mg/cm3 featured ultra-light weight, superhydrophobicity, superior compressibility, and thermal insulation. Our work offers an efficient strategy for designing broadband and multifunctional EM wave absorption materials (EWAMs), promising great potentials in complex stealth equipment. 

Broadband electromagnetic wave absorption using pure carbon aerogel by synergistically modulating propagation path and carbonization degree.

The rapid, energy‐efficient, scalable preparation of high‐strength, flexible, multifunctional nanostructured aerogels is highly desired yet challenging. Here, an ambient‐pressure‐dried (APD) strategy is developed involving self‐foaming, dip‐coating, and graphene oxide (GO)‐assisted multiple cross‐linking treatments for the prompt, large‐area preparation of polyurea/transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) aerogels. The APD MXene‐based aerogels showcase low density, remarkable mechanical strength, and ultraflexiblity involving stretchability, good conductivity, hydrophobicity, and high resistance to various solvents. Synergies of robust, elastic cell walls and porous structure contribute to high‐efficiency absorption of high‐frequency, high‐speed mechanical shock waves for the aerogels, significantly transcendinging the biomasses, plastics, elastomers, ceramics, and metals. In addition to the excellent microwave shielding performance of over 40 dB in ultrabroadband frequencies of 4–40 GHz, the oxidation stability is elevated for APD MXene aerogels, consequently yielding applicability in harsh conditions. Furthermore, the superior light absorption capability of aerogels leads to the efficient photothermal conversion, therapy, antibacterial, desalination, water purification, deicing, and thick oil absorption. This work provides a facile, time‐ and energy‐efficient, scalable APD methodology for manufacturing large‐area, high‐strength, ultraflexible, multifunctional MXene‐based aerogels, enlighting a novel synergistic defense against mechanical shock and electromagnetic waves, and promoting them as a prospective candidate in aerospace, device protection, and next‐generation electronics.

One‐Hour Ambient‐Pressure‐Dried, Scalable, Stretchable MXene/Polyurea Aerogel Enables Synergistic Defense Against High‐Frequency Mechanical Shock and Electromagnetic Waves

Dimensional design and heterogeneous interface engineering are promising approaches for the fabrication of superior absorbers with high loss performance and a wide effective bandwidth. Therein, ZnO nanorods were successfully synthesized and combined with CoNi nanosheets by hydrothermal method, and PDA was then encapsulated on the surface of the material to form a unique one dimensional (1D) core-sheath structure. The extensive defects and residual functional groups are present in the calcined material, as well as the multiple heterogeneous interfaces enhance the dielectric loss induced by polarization. Simultaneously, the 1D structure wrapped with PDA offers an efficient pathway for electron transfer, hence facilitating the enhancement of conductive loss. In addition, the CoNi-LDHs sheet layer stacked on the surface not only causes multiple scattering and reflections of electromagnetic waves, but also provides magnetic losses to optimize the impedance matching. Finally, radar cross section (RCS) simulations further reveal that the composite can dissipate electromagnetic energy in practical applications. Consequently, the 1D multilayer ZnO@CoNi/C composite exhibits an optimal reflection loss of −55 dB with a thickness of 2.3 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) value of 6.8 GHz when the filling ratio is only 20 wt%. In summary, this paper provides a new direction for the fabrication of 1D multilayer nonhomogeneous interfacial absorbers with excellent performance. 

Heterostructure design of one-dimensional ZnO@CoNi/C multilayered nanorods for high-efficiency microwave absorption

Constructing 3D hierarchical CNTs/VO2 composite microspheres with superior electromagnetic absorption performance

Low concentration CO gas sensor constructed from MoS2 nanosheets dispersed SnO2 nanoparticles at room temperature under UV light

Integrating MoS2 with S,P,N-codoped carbon nanofibers for efficient adsorption-photocatalytic degradation of dye

A combined vacuum impregnation and sol-gel method was used to prepare 2.5D SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic composites with good mechanical properties in both warp and weft direction in this study. Phase change and weight gain during forming process of the ceramic composites were measured to explain the forming process. The mechanical properties of materials along different direction at room temperature and high temperature were systematically analyzed, and the fracture mechanism in different service environments was elucidated. Results indicated that dense SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic composites could be prepared by impregnating the 2.5D woven fabric preforms in silica sol and sintering them at 800 °C for > 5 cycles. Flexural strength of the composite was directly affected by the arrangement density and straightening degree of the fibers in warp/weft direction. The composite prepared in this study showed a higher flexural strength (∼91.21 MPa) in the weft direction. With the increase of temperature, the quartz fibers inside the composites became brittle due to crystallization, resulting in the failure mechanism of the ceramic composite material changing from ductile fracture to brittle fracture. 

Fabrication and high-temperature strength of 2.5D SiO2f /SiO2 composites prepared by a combined vacuum impregnation and sol-gel method

Phase evolution and aqueous durability of nanograin Gd2Hf2O7 ceramic as a potential nuclear waste immobilization matrix

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