Due to the advantages of renewable, low pollution and wide distribution of biomass resources, it is selected as the electrode material for supercapacitors. For carbon-based electrode materials, specific surface area (SSA) and pore structure have a great influence. Exploring and summarizing the influence of activation on pore structure will greatly broaden this field. Based on the activation mechanism of activator, this paper summarizes the latest progress of biomass activation applied to supercapacitors, including traditional physical and chemical activation methods and non-traditional methods such as biological activation method, self-activation method template assisted activation method and green activator activation. Finally, the challenges, strategies and prospects for the future development of biomass-derived carbon material activation are pointed out. In summary, this review will help researchers choose appropriate strategies to design biomass-derived carbon electrode materials for supercapacitors, thereby promoting the application of biomass materials. 

Activation of biomass-derived porous carbon for supercapacitors: A review

Silver and gold nanoparticles have found extensive biomedical applications due to their strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and intriguing plasmonic properties. This review article focuses on the correlation among particle geometry, plasmon properties and biomedical applications. It discusses how particle shape and size are tailored via controllable synthetic approaches, and how plasmonic properties are tuned by particle shape and size, which are embodied by nanospheres, nanorods, nanocubes, nanocages, nanostars and core-shell composites. This article summarizes the design strategies for the use of silver and gold nanoparticles in plasmon-enhanced fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), electroluminescence, and photoelectrochemistry. It especially discusses how to use plasmonic nanoparticles to construct optical probes including colorimetric, SERS and plasmonic fluorescence probes (labels/reporters). It also demonstrates the employment of Ag and Au nanoparticles in polymer- and paper-based microfluidic devices for point-of-care testing (POCT). In addition, this article highlights how to utilize plasmonic nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo bio-imaging based on SERS, fluorescence, photoacoustic and dark-field models. Finally, this article shows perspectives in plasmon-enhanced photothermal and photodynamic therapy.

Plasmonic silver and gold nanoparticles: shape- and structure-modulated plasmonic functionality for point-of-caring sensing, bio-imaging and medical therapy.

Herein, we used a one-pot method to fabricate a novel MOF-on-MOF adsorbent, namely MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce). The adsorbent demonstrated a high maximum fluoride-ions capture capacity of 164.47 mg g−1. The morphology, elemental distribution, pore size distribution, and thermal stability were studied using SEM-EDS, XRD, BET, and TGA. The influence of the temperature, solution pH, fluoride concentration, and coexisting ions was explored using intermittent experiments. The results suggested that MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce) had a fast capture rate for fluoride. MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce) maintained an excellent fluoride removal performance over a wide pH range with an initial fluoride concentration of 20 mg L−1. The optimal effect was obtained at a pH of 4, but a high removal efficiency of 94% was maintained even at a pH of 9. Interference experiments showed that only the PO43– had an adverse inhibition influence. The field experiments demonstrated that MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce) can keep the safety threshold levels of fluoride in drinking water. The Langmuir and pseudo-second order kinetic models were well fitted for the defluoridation process, demonstrating that the adsorption of fluoride ions on MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce) was dominated by monolayer chemisorption. With the further characterization and kinetic thermodynamic studies indicates that the removal mechanism involves ion exchange, electrostatic interactions and complexation effect. 

Novel MOF(Zr)-on-MOF(Ce) adsorbent for elimination of excess fluoride from aqueous solution

Carbon materials were widely used as electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption due to their advantages of light weight, environmental resistance and high electrical conductivity. However, conventional means were typically available by combining carbon and other materials to achieve effective absorption. Herein, a novel strategy using pure carbon aerogel with oriented structure was reported to enhance the EM wave absorption by synergistically modulating the wave propagation path and carbonization degree. The aerogel contained proposed modified carbon nanofibers (MCNF) derived from bacterial cellulose (BC), and core-shell carbon nanofibers @ reduced oxide graphene (CNF@RGO). The oriented structure was induced by the temperature field, which manifests anisotropic EM constitutive parameters (εx ≠ εz) at different directions of incident wave. The carbonization degree was adjusted by varying the carbonization temperature. At the carbonization temperature of 700 °C, the maximum reflection loss and effective absorption bandwidth reached -53.94 dB and 7.14 GHz, respectively, enabling the aerogel to outperform its previous counterparts. To clarify the EM wave mode-of-action in conjunction, physical models of the aerogel were established in addition to finite element simulation and theoretical analysis. Notably, the aerogel with a density of 3.6 mg/cm3 featured ultra-light weight, superhydrophobicity, superior compressibility, and thermal insulation. Our work offers an efficient strategy for designing broadband and multifunctional EM wave absorption materials (EWAMs), promising great potentials in complex stealth equipment. 

Broadband electromagnetic wave absorption using pure carbon aerogel by synergistically modulating propagation path and carbonization degree.

The rapid, energy‐efficient, scalable preparation of high‐strength, flexible, multifunctional nanostructured aerogels is highly desired yet challenging. Here, an ambient‐pressure‐dried (APD) strategy is developed involving self‐foaming, dip‐coating, and graphene oxide (GO)‐assisted multiple cross‐linking treatments for the prompt, large‐area preparation of polyurea/transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) aerogels. The APD MXene‐based aerogels showcase low density, remarkable mechanical strength, and ultraflexiblity involving stretchability, good conductivity, hydrophobicity, and high resistance to various solvents. Synergies of robust, elastic cell walls and porous structure contribute to high‐efficiency absorption of high‐frequency, high‐speed mechanical shock waves for the aerogels, significantly transcendinging the biomasses, plastics, elastomers, ceramics, and metals. In addition to the excellent microwave shielding performance of over 40 dB in ultrabroadband frequencies of 4–40 GHz, the oxidation stability is elevated for APD MXene aerogels, consequently yielding applicability in harsh conditions. Furthermore, the superior light absorption capability of aerogels leads to the efficient photothermal conversion, therapy, antibacterial, desalination, water purification, deicing, and thick oil absorption. This work provides a facile, time‐ and energy‐efficient, scalable APD methodology for manufacturing large‐area, high‐strength, ultraflexible, multifunctional MXene‐based aerogels, enlighting a novel synergistic defense against mechanical shock and electromagnetic waves, and promoting them as a prospective candidate in aerospace, device protection, and next‐generation electronics.

One‐Hour Ambient‐Pressure‐Dried, Scalable, Stretchable MXene/Polyurea Aerogel Enables Synergistic Defense Against High‐Frequency Mechanical Shock and Electromagnetic Waves

Constructing 3D hierarchical CNTs/VO2 composite microspheres with superior electromagnetic absorption performance

Achieving excellent electromagnetic wave absorption property by constructing VO2 coated biomass carbon heterostructures

Zein is the major protein in corn and the main byproduct of the starch industry and, therefore, crucial for global agricultural commodities. Its unique fibre-forming properties, which underline its potential as a biodegradable material, have drawn intensified interest from the public, scientists, and industries because of growing concern about environmental risks. As zein electrospun nanofibre has been studied in different research fields, the recent advances in zein electrospun nanofibres in the therapeutic field need re-examination. This review provides an overview of various methods of modifications (e.g., crosslinking, deamidation and glycosylation on the fibre-forming properties of zein and different electrospun setups (e.g., emulsion and multi-layer electrospinning) in the last decade and reports current applications in the therapeutic field such as controlled release, wound healing, tissue engineering and biosensor. It also discussed the mechanisms of modifications such as electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces. The biocompatibility, fibre-forming and encapsulation properties of zein make it a potential replacement for traditional synthetic materials. Since specific properties of zein-based materials are acquirable via different modifications and processing, developing an insight into the relationship between functions and microstructure and conformations of the modified zein-based nanofibres along with different electrospun processes could contribute to high-quality zein-based fibrous products. It also discussed the potential limitations and challenges of zein-based nanofibres. 

Recent developments of electrospun zein nanofibres: Strategies, fabrication and therapeutic applications

Rapid in situ bio-analysis of cellular behaviors in response to external stimuli remains a formidable challenge but can open crucial opportunities in biology and medicine. The standard label-based end point assays suffer from invasiveness and complex sample handling. In this regard, label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive in situ bio-analysis technique for living cells. Nevertheless, achieving rapid in situ SERS bio-analysis still faces challenges in reliable high-throughput measurements and accurate multivariate analysis, which requires significant innovations in bio-interfaced SERS devices and machine learning (ML) methods. Here, we exploit cell-interfaced nanolaminate SERS substrates to demonstrate reliable high-throughput SERS measurements using well-studied living cancer cells with four drug dosages. Artificial neural network (ANN) for multiclass classification of cellular drug responses provides high accuracy (94%). Uniquely, nanolaminate SERS substrates with a high SERS enhancement factor (>107) can rapidly generate big SERS data sets with rich molecular information on living cells (10,000 spectra within 3 min) that can enable the utilization of data-hungry ML methods (e.g., ANN). By capturing additional hidden features in high-dimensional spectroscopic data, ANN is more powerful for multiclass classification than five other popular ML methods, including principal component analysis combined with linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA), partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), classification tree (CT), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM). On the basis of the proof-of-concept demonstration using drugs on living cells, we anticipate that the nanolaminate SERS substrates can potentially monitor living cell responses to other external stimuli in a label-free and non-invasive manner. 

Nanolaminate Plasmonic Substrates for High-Throughput Living Cell SERS Measurements and Artificial Neural Network Classification of Cellular Drug Responses

http://www.the-innovation.org/materials/main/bdueditor/asp/file/202306/TIMS1-0601-BioInspir-Article-010-Extended.pdf

Bioinspired multifunctional high-performance electromagnetic shielding coatings resistant to extreme space environments

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