Self-reference effect

Abstract: Older adults are slower than young adults to think of an item they just saw, that is, to engage or execute (or both) the simple reflective operation of refreshing just-activated information. In addition, they derive less long-term memory benefit from refreshing information. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found that relative to young adults, older adults showed reduced refresh-related activity in an area of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left middle frontal gyrus, Brodmann's Area 9), but not in other refresh-related areas. This provides strong evidence that a frontal component of the circuit that subserves this basic cognitive process is especially vulnerable to aging. Such a refresh deficit could contribute to poorer performance of older than young adults on a wide range of cognitive tasks.

Abstract: دوخ هب عاجرا رثا مان هب هظفاح یریگوس يعون ،هتفرگ رارق هجوت دروم هنیمز نیا رد هک ییاه هدیدپ تبثم تافص شزادرپ رد یرگید هب عاجرا و دوخ هب عاجرا رثا یسررب ،رضاح قیقحت زا فده .تسا هب نارهت هاگشناد زا رتخد یوجشناد 150 زا لکشتم یا هنومن شهوژپ نیا رد :شور .تسا یفنم و دناروخ سپ ،هظفاح یانخارف فیلکت یارجا زا هورگود ،لوا ۀلحرم رد .دندرک تکرش هنابلطواد روط زا سپ .دند��ش هتفرگ رظن رد لرتنک هورگ ناونع هب هورگ کی و هدر��ک تفایرد )یفنم ای ت��بثم( رد لًابق هک یتافص یارب ی��سانشزاب فیلکت کی ،یرگید هب عاجرا و دوخ هب عاجرا فیلاکت یارجا حرط کی اب اه هداد ۀیزجت :اه هتفاي .دش ارجا دوب هدش ینادرگزمر یرگید هب عاجرا و دوخ هب عاجرا عاجرادوخ تافص و یفنم تافص هب تبسن تبثم تافص هک داد نا��شن یلماع ه��س سنایراو لیلحت دناروخ سپ رثا .دنوش یم یسانشزاب و ینادرگزمر یرت��شیب تعرس اب عاجرارگید تافص هب تب��سن نیا رد ینادرگزمر تعرس .دندوب هدرک تفایرد تبثم دناروخ سپ هک دش هدها��شم یهورگرد طقف دوخ هب هک یتاعلاطا شزادر��پ ،د��سر یم رظن هب :يريگ هجيتن .دوب لرتنک هورگ زا رت��شیب هور��گ فادها و هرادنپدوخ یاوتحم ریثأت ت��حت یفنم و تبثم تاعلاطا شزادرپ زین و دنو��ش یم طوبرم .دنراد یساسا شقن تاعلاطا یبایزاب و هریخذ و تبث رد دوخ و دنتسه یشزیگنا

Abstract: This chapter discusses the involvement of certain prefrontal areas in the collection of sensory inputs, the generation of motor outputs, and their visceral and emotional functions, all of which undoubtedly serve the eminently integrative executive functions of the frontal lobe. Electrophysiological data corroborate the connective links of the prefrontal cortex. In accord with anatomical evidence, fiber connections of this cortex with other cortical regions, with the thalamus, and with the basal ganglia have been electrically traced. Significantly complementing and substantiating lesion studies, electrophysiological research has provided insight into the roles of the prefrontal cortex in sensory, motor, visceral/emotional, social, and executive functions. Because of the abundant convergence of sensory inputs on the cortex of the prefrontal convexity of the primate, it is justified to consider most of that cortex to be cortex of sensory association. It mediates behavioral and cognitive associations between stimuli of diverse origin and qualities. The prefrontal cortex also plays a role in sensorial attention. Electrophysiological research provides evidence of the prefrontal control of movement. Neuronal activity in the caudate nucleus, a major collector of output from the prefrontal cortex to motor systems, is modulated by abundant influences from prefrontal cortex. Orbital and medial areas of the prefrontal cortex control a variety of visceral and hormonal functions. Four executive functions have well-substantiated electrophysiological correlates: attention, working memory, anticipatory activity, and monitoring.