Abstract Biochar shows significant potential to serve as a globally applicable material to remediate water and soil owing to the extensive availability of feedstocks and conducive physio-chemical surface characteristics. This review aims to highlight biochar production technologies, characteristics of biochar, and the latest advancements in immobilizing and eliminating heavy metal ions and organic pollutants in soil and water. Pyrolysis temperature, heat transfer rate, residence time, and type of feedstock are critical influential parameters. Biochar’s efficacy in managing contaminants relies on the pore size distribution, surface groups, and ion-exchange capacity. The molecular composition and physical architecture of biochar may be crucial when practically applied to water and soil. In general, biochar produced at relatively high pyrolysis temperatures can effectively manage organic pollutants via increasing surface area, hydrophobicity and microporosity. Biochar generated at lower temperatures is deemed to be more suitable for removing polar organic and inorganic pollutants through oxygen-containing functional groups, precipitation and electrostatic attraction. This review also presents the existing obstacles and future research direction related to biochar-based materials in immobilizing organic contaminants and heavy metal ions in effluents and soil. Graphical Abstract 

/pdf/biochar-for-the-removal-of-contaminants-from-soil-and-water-23l6y616.pdf

Biochar for the removal of contaminants from soil and water: a review

Abstract The chemical regeneration process has been extensively applied to reactivate biochar, supporting its reusability and leading to significant operating cost reduction. However, no recent review discusses the effectiveness of biochar chemical regeneration. Thus, this article comprehensively reviews the chemical regeneration of biochar contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants. Performance of the chemical regeneration depends on adsorption mechanism, functional groups, adsorbent pore structure, and changes in active adsorbent sites. Secondary contamination is one of the challenges facing the sustainable adaptation of the chemical regeneration process in the industry. The paper discusses these challenges and draws a roadmap for future research to support sustainable wastewater treatment by biochar. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-022-00172-3.pdf

A comprehensive review on the chemical regeneration of biochar adsorbent for sustainable wastewater treatment

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contaminations are disturbing environmental issues, which causes serious harm to aqueous systems and human health. Therefore, removing them from aqueous solution is essential to prevent its damage to the environment. Environmental adsorption research as one solution has seen a boom over the past decade. Using modified biochar has proved to be more suitable for the adsorption of cadmium and lead. Most of the studies apply a routine method such as kinetic and isotherm modelling to demonstrate the macroscopic trend of adsorption, often without elaborative evaluation of the effectiveness and characteristics of the models. This review compiles different adsorption kinetics and isotherms models and also presents their origins, modified versions, and their applicability in the liquid adsorption situation. The effect of experimental parameters and adsorption mechanisms are discussed to study the adsorption performances of modified biochar. The adsorption mechanism was majorly by surface precipitation, ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, complexation and physical adsorption. The adsorption was majorly endothermic and spontaneous. Additionally, preparation and regeneration of modified biochar are also presented to provide a direction for sustainable improvement. This paper summarizes with a note on challenges, prospects and future perspectives of adsorption of cadmium and lead pollutions.

Adsorption of cadmium and lead from aqueous solution using modified biochar: A review

Applications of functionalized magnetic biochar in environmental remediation: A review.

Stabilization of lead and cadmium in soil by sulfur-iron functionalized biochar: Performance, mechanisms and microbial community evolution.

Effective lead passivation in soil by bone char/CMC-stabilized FeS composite loading with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria.

Microwave-assisted one pot synthesis of β-cyclodextrin modified biochar for concurrent removal of Pb(II) and bisphenol a in water.

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Effective lead passivation in soil by bone char/CMC-stabilized FeS composite loading with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria.

Microwave-assisted one pot synthesis of β-cyclodextrin modified biochar for concurrent removal of Pb(II) and bisphenol a in water.