Multichannel recordings of the electromagnetic fields emerging from neural currents in the brain generate large amounts of data. Suitable feature extraction methods are, therefore, useful to facilitate the representation and interpretation of the data. Recently developed independent component analysis (ICA) has been shown to be an efficient tool for artifact identification and extraction from electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings. In addition, ICA has been applied to the analysis of brain signals evoked by sensory stimuli. This paper reviews our recent results in this field.

/pdf/independent-component-approach-to-the-analysis-of-eeg-and-2u5mnpare6.pdf

Independent component approach to the analysis of EEG and MEG recordings

Prototype theory and compositionality

object x may have a property F either by exemplifying F or by being determined by F. Mally's idea is that every group of properties determines an abstract object, but that such an abstract object need not exemplify the properties which determine it. For example, the properties goldenness and mountainhood determine an abstract object which exemplifies neither of these two properties. The intuition here is that the properties determining an abstract object are part of its nature and govern the conception of that object. Indeed, for Mally, there is nothing more to the nature of an abstract object than the properties by which it is to be conceived. In what follows, we shall say that an abstract object encodes property F instead of saying that F determines x. Since encoding is a way of having a property, it constitutes a kind of predication. That is why we introduce 'xF' as an atomic mode of predication, to express the fact that x encodes F. We rigorously distinguish this from the traditional form of predication, namely, that x exemplifies F ('Fx'). (More generally, we read 'F'xl ... xn' as xl ... xn exemplify or stand in the relation F".) For example, on this view, Sherlock Holmes encodes the properties of being a detective, living in London, etc. These are the properties by which we conceive of him, and thus are part of his nature, but on the present view, he does not exemplify these properties. He exemplifies, by contrast, properties like being fictional, being admired by modern criminologists, etc., as well as a variety of properties that things have in virtue of being abstract (more on this below). In general, fictional objects will be said to encode the properties attributed to them in their respective stories. To take another class of examples, mathematical objects will encode the mathematical properties attributed to them in their respective theories. By contrast, they exemplify properties like being abstract, not having mass, not having a texture, being conceived by Euler, etc. Note that by thinking of encoding as a second mode of predication, predication in ordinary language becomes ambiguous relative to a logic that distinguishes xF and Fx. The principal axiom for abstract objects, described in more detail below, is a comprehension principle that asserts the conditions under which abstract objects exist and encode properties: for any expressible condition 4 that is satisfiable (in Tarski's sense) by properties F, there exists an abstract object that encodes exactly the properties F satisfying (. Consider, then, the second-order, modal language that can be formed with Fnl ... xn and xF1 as a basis, and where the other logical notions are (not), -+ (if-then), V (every), and D (necessarily). Identity is not primitive in this language, but will instead be defined below for both objects and relations. The language is further enhanced with Mind, Vol. 115 . 459 . July2006 ? Zalta 2006 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.121 on Wed, 05 Jul 2017 18:02:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

https://mally.stanford.edu/Papers/essence.pdf

Essence and Modality

Moral Repair examines the ethics and moral psychology of responses to wrongdoing. Explaining the emotional bonds and normative expectations that keep human beings responsive to moral standards and responsible to each other, Margaret Urban Walker uses realistic examples of both personal betrayal and political violence to analyze how moral bonds are damaged by serious wrongs and what must be done to repair the damage. Focusing on victims of wrong, their right to validation, and their sense of justice, Walker presents a unified and detailed philosophical account of hope, trust, resentment, forgiveness, and making amends - the emotions and practices that sustain moral relations. Moral Repair joins a multidisciplinary literature concerned with transitional and restorative justice, reparations, and restoring individual dignity and mutual trust in the wake of serious wrongs.

Moral Repair: Reconstructing Moral Relations after Wrongdoing

ing away from certain details that I will get to later, the direction of analysis for Grice is as follows, 43 It could be argued that one of the lessons of twentieth-century philosophy is that watertight reductive analysis is, for the most part, impossible. To argue this would not be to commit oneself to the denial of the existence of a viable analytic-synthetic distinction. For some of Grice’s thoughts on this matter, see the 1956 paper “In Defence of a Dogma,” written with Peter Strawson (Essay 13 of Studies) and Grice (1986). 44 Although he separates “natural” and “nonnatural” meaning, the possibility of viewing nonnatural meaning as a “descendant” of natural meaning appeals to Grice. In the final paragraph of “Utterer’s Meaning and Intentions” he suggests that a simplified treatment of utterer’s meaning might emerge from investigating the relation between natural and nonnatural meaning (p. 116). An attempt to spell out the relation is contained in “Meaning Revisited” (Essay 18) and important auxiliary notions are discussed in “Method in Philosophical Psychology.” Stephen Neale Paul Grice and the Philosopy of Language 31 (Fig. 3) (2) utterance-type meaning

https://www.princeton.edu/~harman/Courses/PHI534-2012-13/Neale/NealeOnGrice.pdf

Paul Grice and the philosophy of language

Philosophical Subjects: Essays Presented to P. F. Strawson

ive Singular Terms There are a host of familiar ways in which we, in English, form abstractive singular terms. To the general term, "pious", there is a mated singular, "piety". To "red" there is "redness". Logicians form abstraction operators, creating class references from predicates. These abstractive singulars fall into two main types. There are This content downloaded from 207.46.13.144 on Mon, 13 Jun 2016 06:56:22 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2214677.pdf

Concerning the Logic of Predicate Modifiers

Symposiums Papers: Deeds, Doings and What is Done: The Non-extensionality of Modifiers

Naive set theory with an unqualified axiom specifying the existence of sets is contradictory as Russell showed. So too certain theories of predication resting on plausible, intuitive principles are contradictory if those principles are not in some way qualified or if restrictions are not imposed on standard inferential steps. This can be shown by an argument analogous to that of Russell with respect to the Abstraction Axiom of naive set theory. Just as Russell's argument has philosophical import, demonstrating that not every condition or attribution determines a set ofjust those things satisfying the condition or attribution, so too an inconsistency in a certain version of naive predication theory has its philosophical interest. It suggests for instance that not every object of thought has being. To put the point bluntly with respect to a rising, contemporary interest in Meinongian and other intensionalist theories, it shows that to think of a putative object is not a guarantee that there is in some sense (perhaps other than actual existence) such an object. Professor Hector-Neri Castafieda has developed in a recent series of articles ([1], [2], [3]) a novel and philosophically interesting theory of the nature of particulars and of their relations to things true of them.' In what follows, I gather some principles and assumptions suggested by what Castafieda has written about these matters. Using these to determine at least in part one version of naive predication theory, it turns out that such a theory can be shown by ordinary inferences of standard second-order logic to be inconsistent. This is a consequence of some interest in its own right. But it is of more interest philosophically as a kind of test case for such theories of predication. In particular, it should provide a

Not every object of thought has being: A paradox in naive predication theory

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Philosophical Subjects: Essays Presented to P. F. Strawson

Concerning the Logic of Predicate Modifiers

Symposiums Papers: Deeds, Doings and What is Done: The Non-extensionality of Modifiers

Not every object of thought has being: A paradox in naive predication theory