Despite the numerous advances made in our understanding of the physiology and molecular genetics of salinity tolerance, there have been relatively few applications of these to improve the salt tolerance of crops. The most significant advances have historically utilized intraspecific variation, introgression of traits from close crop wild relatives, or, less frequently, introgression from more distant relatives. Advanced lines often fail due to difficulties in the introgression or tracking of traits or due to yield penalties associated with the alleles in nonsaline environments. However, the greatest limitation is that salinity is not a primary trait for breeders. We must close the gap between research and delivery, especially for farmers who have precious few alternatives. These efforts should include a reassessment of old techniques such as grafting current crops with salt-tolerant hybrid rootstocks. Alternatively, future crops can be produced via domestication of salt-tolerant wild species-an approach that is now feasible in our lifetime. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 74 is May 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-arplant-061422-104322

Salt-Tolerant Crops: Time to Deliver.

Resistant rootstocks mitigate ionic toxicity with beneficial effects for growth and photosynthesis in grapevine grafted plants under salinity

This study investigates consumer perceptions and acceptance of innovative strategies implemented to counter the effects of climate change in the wine industry. The acceptance of wines derived from grapes grown using four different vineyard management practices—kaolin application, use of plant growth regulators, introduction of resilient rootstocks, and fungus-resistant grape varieties (PIWI)—is analyzed. Utilizing a latent profile analysis, the study identifies five distinct consumer profiles, each displaying unique sensitivities and perceptions towards climate change threats. The findings reveal notable variations in consumers’ willingness to accept these innovations. Additionally, the study offers insights into how these preferences influence the marketability of wines produced using these innovative techniques. The overall results depict heterogeneous acceptance of these practices. Consumers seem more inclined to choose wines derived from vines with innovative rootstocks and those treated with kaolin. The acceptance for PIWI varieties and PGR is comparatively marginal. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights for winegrowers, policymakers, and other industry stakeholders on effectively implementing and communicating these solutions. Overall, the research findings contribute significantly to understanding consumer behavior within the context of climate change in the wine industry, presenting substantial implications for sustainable viticulture practices and wine marketing strategies.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ajgwr/2024/8118128.pdf

From Roots to Leaves: Understanding Consumer Acceptance in Implementing Climate-Resilient Strategies in Viticulture

Nowadays, the Sultanina grapevines H4 strain has become widely cultivated because of its high productivity. However, this Sultanina variety is suffering from clusters with small berries, in addition highly compacted berries, thus negatively affecting the quality of bunch berries. A field experiment was carried out during the two successive seasons on Five years old Sultanina (H4 strain) grapevines grafted onto freedom rootstock grown in a private orchard located in El-Khatatba region, Minufyia Governorate, with coordinates of 30°21′ N 30°49′ E. The investigation was designed to throw light on the effect of hand thinning at levels 0, 25%, and or 50% of cluster shoulders was removed in addition to spray with 0, 20, 30, and 40 ppm GA3 for berry sizing. In addation, the first application was the hand thinning treatment, which was used on the second and third week of May for the first and the second seasons. The second application was the berry sizing treatment, applied when the berries were at 6–7 mm diameter (on the 3rd and 4th week of May for the first and the second seasons. Results indicated that the total chlorophyll content of leaf decreases when the hand thinning levels or GA3 concentration increases, while hand thinning and GA3 treatments were higher than control only concerning pruning weight. Moreover, the results showed that the first level of hand thinning treatments recorded higher values for the cluster weight than the higher level of hand thinning treatments with all the concentrations of GA3 used for sizing. The highest value was with T2. The overperformance of T2 for the vine yield and the rest of the treatments at the lower level of hand thinning were better than those at the higher level of hand thinning. In conclusion, hand thinning at 50% level and sizing with GA3 at concentration 30 ppm reduced the cluster compactness and improved the berry weight and firmness. Therefore, it could be recommended to get the most suitable yield and quality of Sultanina grapevines.

/pdf/ga3-and-hand-thinning-improves-physical-chemical-t89wfp9a.pdf

GA3 and Hand Thinning Improves Physical, Chemical Characteristics, Yield and Decrease Bunch Compactness of Sultanina Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)

Table grape breeding programs and new cultivars

This review highlights the contributions of CSIRO to the development of new scions and rootstocks for the Australian winegrape, driedgrape and tablegrape industries. Initially, CSIRO played a pivotal role in the selection of high-yielding Sultana clones which contributed over half the total Australian grape crop in the 1970s used for wine- and driedgrape production. It was also responsible for importation and evaluation of the Salt Creek (syn. Ramsey) rootstock which provided tolerance to root-knot nematodes and salinity and became the most widely adopted rootstock for the emerging Australian wine industry in the 1980–1990s. The CSIRO has also successfully bred or released several new grape cultivars. While the adoption rate for the CSIRO wine cultivars has been limited, CSIRO-selected cultivars dominate the Australian driedgrape industry, while CSIRO-released cultivars continue to play an important role in the Australian tablegrape industry. In the 1990s, CSIRO commenced the application of molecular biology techniques for grapevine germplasm improvement. Researchers from CSIRO were some of the first in the world to successfully regenerate transgenic grapevines and demonstrate the potential of this technology to produce low-browning driedgrapes and mildew-resistant premium winegrapes. More recently, the focus has shifted to the mapping of resistance loci from wild grape species and their introgression into new winegrape scions to provide resistance to mildews and new rootstocks to provide durable resistance to rootknot nematodes and phylloxera. Finally, this review considers some future challenges faced by the Australian grape industries and how these might be addressed using conventional or molecular breeding strategies. 

Development of new wine‐, dried‐ and tablegrape scions and rootstocks for Australian viticulture: past, present and future

Background and Aims The temperature of the upper soil zone lags but strongly correlates with prevailing air temperature. The effect of root zone (RZ) temperature on shoot salt exclusion is poorly understood. The aim was to gain a better understanding of the effect of RZ temperature on the salt exclusion, growth and stomatal conductance of Shiraz grafted onto a range of rootstock genotypes. Methods and Results Glasshouse grown Shiraz on 140 Ruggeri, K51-40 and six K51-40 × 140 Ruggeri hybrid rootstocks were assessed at a cool (mean 19.3°C) and hot (mean 30.8°C) RZ temperature, plus or minus salt treatment of 50 mmol/L chloride with mixed cations. After 28 days, plants were destructively harvested. Chloride concentration in laminae, petioles and roots and cation concentration in laminae and roots were measured. All rootstocks showed enhanced shoot sodium exclusion under salt treatment at the hot RZ temperature demonstrated by significantly lower sodium concentration in laminae and higher concentration in roots. Shoot chloride exclusion capacity of salt-treated K51-40 declined, while that of 140 Ruggeri and two hybrid rootstocks improved at the hot RZ temperature. Conclusions Shoot chloride exclusion varied widely among rootstock genotypes subjected to salinity and hot RZ temperature, compared with shoot sodium exclusion, reflecting its control by multiple genes and apparent differential sensitivity to environmental cues. Significance of the Study The genetic potential of 140 Ruggeri to enhance shoot sodium and chloride exclusion at elevated RZ temperature was demonstrated, highlighting its potential as a breeding parent for rootstock improvement, to meet anticipated future challenges of rising RZ temperature and salinity. 

Rootstock type influences salt exclusion response of grafted Shiraz under salt treatment at elevated root zone temperature

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Development of new wine‐, dried‐ and tablegrape scions and rootstocks for Australian viticulture: past, present and future

Rootstock type influences salt exclusion response of grafted Shiraz under salt treatment at elevated root zone temperature