Despite the numerous advances made in our understanding of the physiology and molecular genetics of salinity tolerance, there have been relatively few applications of these to improve the salt tolerance of crops. The most significant advances have historically utilized intraspecific variation, introgression of traits from close crop wild relatives, or, less frequently, introgression from more distant relatives. Advanced lines often fail due to difficulties in the introgression or tracking of traits or due to yield penalties associated with the alleles in nonsaline environments. However, the greatest limitation is that salinity is not a primary trait for breeders. We must close the gap between research and delivery, especially for farmers who have precious few alternatives. These efforts should include a reassessment of old techniques such as grafting current crops with salt-tolerant hybrid rootstocks. Alternatively, future crops can be produced via domestication of salt-tolerant wild species-an approach that is now feasible in our lifetime. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 74 is May 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-arplant-061422-104322

Salt-Tolerant Crops: Time to Deliver.

Collection of Culicoides spp. with four light trap models during different seasons in the Balearic Islands.

Wing geometry as a tool for discrimination of Obsoletus group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides) in France.

The inability to distinguish between species can be a serious problem in groups responsible for pathogen transmission. Culicoides biting midges transmit many pathogenic agents infecting wildlife and livestock. In North America, the C. variipennis species complex contains three currently recognized species, only one of which is a known vector, but limited species-specific characters have hindered vector surveillance. Here, genomic data were used to investigate population structure and genetic differentiation within this species complex. Single nucleotide polymorphism data were generated for 206 individuals originating from 17 locations throughout the United States and Canada. Clustering analyses suggest the occurrence of two additional cryptic species within this complex. All five species were significantly differentiated in both sympatry and allopatry. Evidence of hybridization was detected in three different species pairings indicating incomplete reproductive isolation. Additionally, COI sequences were used to identify the hybrid parentage of these individuals, which illuminated discordance between the divergence of the mitochondrial and nuclear datasets. 

/pdf/species-delimitation-and-mitonuclear-discordance-within-a-30xbfoip.pdf

Species delimitation and mitonuclear discordance within a species complex of biting midges

The effect of 1-octen-3-ol and 4-methylphenol on Culicoides midge numbers collected with suction light traps in South Africa

Adult female Culicoides occidentalis Wirth and Jones were collected in a coastal salt marsh habitat in southern California over a period of 15 mo using CO2-baited suction traps. Adults were active year-round. Adult females overall were large based on wing length (1.86 mm). Because of coastal influences, daily and seasonal changes in air temperatures were greatly buffered, and mean temperatures ranged from 10 to 15°C in winter to 19–21°C in summer. Wing lengths varied inversely with air temperatures, with an average of 2.13 mm (February) to 1.6 mm (July). Parity was consistently low (3.6% overall) and may reflect poor host availability in this isolated salt marsh habitat.

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Medical-Entomology/volume-40/issue-3/0022-2585-40.3.352/Seasonal-Activity-Size-and-Parity-of-Culicoides-occidentalis-Diptera/10.1603/0022-2585-40.3.352.pdf

Seasonal activity, size, and parity of Culicoides occidentalis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in a coastal southern California salt marsh.

This review highlights the contributions of CSIRO to the development of new scions and rootstocks for the Australian winegrape, driedgrape and tablegrape industries. Initially, CSIRO played a pivotal role in the selection of high-yielding Sultana clones which contributed over half the total Australian grape crop in the 1970s used for wine- and driedgrape production. It was also responsible for importation and evaluation of the Salt Creek (syn. Ramsey) rootstock which provided tolerance to root-knot nematodes and salinity and became the most widely adopted rootstock for the emerging Australian wine industry in the 1980–1990s. The CSIRO has also successfully bred or released several new grape cultivars. While the adoption rate for the CSIRO wine cultivars has been limited, CSIRO-selected cultivars dominate the Australian driedgrape industry, while CSIRO-released cultivars continue to play an important role in the Australian tablegrape industry. In the 1990s, CSIRO commenced the application of molecular biology techniques for grapevine germplasm improvement. Researchers from CSIRO were some of the first in the world to successfully regenerate transgenic grapevines and demonstrate the potential of this technology to produce low-browning driedgrapes and mildew-resistant premium winegrapes. More recently, the focus has shifted to the mapping of resistance loci from wild grape species and their introgression into new winegrape scions to provide resistance to mildews and new rootstocks to provide durable resistance to rootknot nematodes and phylloxera. Finally, this review considers some future challenges faced by the Australian grape industries and how these might be addressed using conventional or molecular breeding strategies. 

Development of new wine‐, dried‐ and tablegrape scions and rootstocks for Australian viticulture: past, present and future

Seasonal variation of color patterns on butterfly wings are iconic examples of developmentally plastic traits that can influence adaptation and speciation. Yet, there are few examples of such seasonal polyphenisms that have characterized the environmental cues, ecological consequences, or genetic mechanisms involved in generating the plastic variation of wing color. Further, there is a lack of support that such plasticity may impact the adaptive diversification of butterfly wing patterns. Here, we report a case of seasonal polyphenism in pigment and structurally-based color patterns of Zerene cesonia that are strikingly similar to the color pattern divergence seen on the wings of sulphur butterflies. We show that (i) coordinated changes in temperature and photoperiod drive the plasticity, (ii) the plastic color changes impact how fast the butterflies can warm, (iii) identify spalt as likely be involved in the genetic coupling of the pigment and structurally-based color plastic response. We further show that this plastic wing changes phenocopy wing pattern divergence between Zerene species, as well as the color pattern differences known to be commonly involved in sexual selection and speciation across sulphur butterflies. Together, our results demonstrate that shared environmental cues and genetic basis for pigment and structural color plasticity may result in conditions that may have facilitated species diversification of sulphur butterflies.

Seasonal polyphenism of wing colors and its influence on sulphur butterfly diversification

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Seasonal activity, size, and parity of Culicoides occidentalis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in a coastal southern California salt marsh.

Development of new wine‐, dried‐ and tablegrape scions and rootstocks for Australian viticulture: past, present and future

Seasonal polyphenism of wing colors and its influence on sulphur butterfly diversification