While many analysts use an informal political network perspective to describe Russian domestic politics under Vladimir Putin, almost none have applied that framework to Russian foreign policy. This article explains why Russia is a useful case to use in developing such a framework, and then proposes a preliminary set of arguments about what a foreign policy based on informal politics would look like. While a realism or state interest framework still explains a lot, this article argues that an informal politics perspective explains Russian actions better than realism can alone, and explains why a personalized network approach is different from a more classic interest-group model. It cites a variety of examples from the Putin era to begin to illustrate the arguments, and then provides longer illustrative case-studies of Russian policy toward Iran and Syria to show how the arguments can be used in practice. It concludes by asking whether the perspective is useful in understanding Putin’s actions in Ukraine in...

Informal Political Networks and Putin’s Foreign Policy: The Examples of Iran and Syria

Babbitt metal cubes were prepared by means of selected laser melting (SLM) process using Sn—11% Sb—6% Cu alloy powders; their microstructures were studied using optical microscope (OM), SEM, EDS, XRD and DSC; and their mechanical properties were tested using Vickers hardness and tensile methods. The results show that fully dense Babbitt metal components can be prepared by using appropriate SLM process parameters and an interlayer staggered laser scanning strategy. Anisotropy characteristics appear in both the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM-Babbitt cubic specimens. The average hardness was in the range of 32.5 HV0.05 to 35.3 HV0.05. Both tensile strength and elongation were somewhat higher in a direction parallel to the laser scanning speed (Y axis) than in a direction perpendicular to the laser scanning speed (X axis). The strengthening mechanism is suggested to include solid solution strengthening of oversaturated Sb in the Sn matrix, as well as dispersion strengthening of finely dispersed SnSb and Cu6Sn5 particles. The overgrown acicular Cu6Sn5 phases at low laser scanning speeds and void formation at higher laser scanning speeds seriously deteriorate the mechanical properties of the SLM-Babbitt specimens.

A Study on the Microstructures and Properties of Selective Laser Melted Babbitt Metals

We present the main results obtained from investigations on perfecting the design of experimental bushes 600 mm in diameter. The effect of the structural elements and geometrical parameters on the characteristics of bearings is analyzed. Brief information is given on the results from the rig tests of an improved design of the journal bearings of the K-1000-5.9/50 steam turbine for the Bushehr nuclear power station in Iran.

Generalization of the results from investigations on perfecting the design of journal bearings for large steam turbines for nuclear power stations

A comparative analysis is made of designs for high power steam turbines with a small number of bearings and those with multiple bearings. Experimental data on the finishing of bearings are presented. The eigenmodes and forced oscillations of a shaft line are calculated and recommendations are made for improving the balancing quality.

Development of shaft lines with a small number of bearings for high power steam turbines

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hexagonal boron
 nitride (h-BN) addition on copper based alloy system. Varying amounts of
 h-BN were added to the prepared metal matrix composition as a reinforcing
 material. The powder mixture was subjected to high-energy mechanical
 alloying and compacted under 400 N/mm2 and were sintered at 820?C for 2
 hours. Following the sintering of the samples characterization procedures
 were performed after wear and friction testing. The addition of h-BN led to
 a decrease in dimensional shrinkage after sintering, while the difference
 between the achieved density and theoretical density increased. XRD results
 revealed the presence of characteristic peaks attributed to the
 reinforcement and metallic matrix. The wear tests revealed a significant
 increase in wear with higher h-BN content under different applied loads. The
 initial decline in friction coefficient with h-BN addition was followed by
 an increase as the h-BN content increased.

The effect of h-BN reinforcement on wear and friction properties of copper based alloy

The main results of retrofitting the K-200-130/1 steam turbine at the Matra thermal power station are described. The results of the dynamic tests, the deformation measurements, the retrofitting of the bearings and seals, the alignment, and the vibration adjustment of the rotors are presented. The efficacy of the complex measures taken for stiffening the LP cylinder is shown.

The main results of retrofitting the K-200-130 steam turbine and adjusting its vibrations at the Mátra thermal power station (Hungary)

The results of vibration alignment and the first years of use of the prototype K-1000-60/3000-3 turbine unit of the Bushehr NPP in 2011 – 2016 are examined. As a result of conducting an extensive set of studies and actions, the claimed high-quality operating characteristics of the new design bearings that were used and the high degree of vibrational reliability of the turbine unit were confirmed, and these made it possible to ensure successful commissioning on a short timeline, despite the novelty of the design and the uniqueness of development of the majority of units, taking into account the integration of the equipment with the existing base and the condenser group. During the commissioning work, it was shown that this turbine unit is not inferior in any manner to turbine units of analogous power from other firms.

The Basic Results of Alignment and Summary of Operations of the Main K-1000-60/3000 Turbine Unit with a Small Number of Bearings at the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant

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Generalization of the results from investigations on perfecting the design of journal bearings for large steam turbines for nuclear power stations

The main results of retrofitting the K-200-130 steam turbine and adjusting its vibrations at the Mátra thermal power station (Hungary)

Development of shaft lines with a small number of bearings for high power steam turbines

The Basic Results of Alignment and Summary of Operations of the Main K-1000-60/3000 Turbine Unit with a Small Number of Bearings at the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant