TL;DR: Differences in the calls of the three species suggest that T. schalleri is a distinct species, and results indicate spectral characteristics and sound intensity could be of biological importance in fish.
Abstract: In this study a detailed analysis of acoustical parameters of sounds produced by male Trichopsis vittatus, T. schalleri and T. pumilus during agonistic behaviour is reported. The calls consist of croaks which are composed of double pulses generated by modified pectoral fins. Calls of the three species are different in main frequency, number of double pulses within a croak and double pulse period. Croaks are uttered in series only in T. vittatus. Sound pressure levels are highest in T. pumilus, the smallest species. Amplitude of individual pulses of a double pulse are similar in T. pumilus and T. schalleri. Main frequency is negatively correlated with body mass in all species, but there is no correlation between sound pressure level and body mass. Differences in the calls of the three species suggest that T. schalleri is a distinct species. Furthermore, results indicate spectral characteristics and sound intensity could be of biological importance in fish.
TL;DR: The similarity in structure and function of the inner ears of gouramis, and the occurrence of sound-generating organs in just one genus, suggests that hearing evolved prior to vocalization and thus acoustic communication in this taxon.
TL;DR: The data suggest that a fish can evolve a specialized end organ without major reorganization of the central nervous system and suggest that motoneurons for different pectoral muscles are segregated into rostrocaudal pools within the column.
Abstract: The pectoral fin of the croaking gourami, Trichopsis vittatus , has become modified as a sound-producing organ and retains its original function in locomotion and hovering. We used r
TL;DR: These are the first records of partial mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences of an Euclinostomum sp.
Abstract: Many species of fish in the world are infected with digenean trematodes belonging to the genera Clinostomum and Euclinostomum. In this study, metacercariae, identified as Euclinostomum sp. on the basis of morphological characteristics and molecular data, were taken from 3 osphronemid fish—Trichopsis vittata, Trichopsis schalleri, and Betta imbellis, in Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis based on a mitochondrial gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and 2 nuclear genes (18S rDNA and ITS—internal transcribed spacer) of these Euclinostomum parasites indicated a clear distinction from those belonging to the Clinostomum genus. These are the first records of partial mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences of an Euclinostomum sp.
TL;DR: Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were used to examine patterns of variation within and between Eastern and Western Screech-Owls, supporting monophyly of the New World Megascops and supporting species-level designations as suggested by morphology and song.
Abstract: Abstract. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (930 base pairs) were used to examine patterns of variation within and between Eastern (Megascops asio) and Western (M. kennicottii) Screech-Owls, and to assess taxonomic affinity of Flammulated Owls (Otus flammeolus) and Whiskered Screech-Owls (M. trichopsis). Analyses support monophyly of the New World Megascops, a sister-group relationship between O. flammeolus and New World forms of Megascops, rather than with Old World Otus, and a closer relationship between the mostly North American M. trichopsis and South American Megascops than between M. trichopsis and North American Megascops. Megascops asio and M. kennicottii formed two distinct monophyletic clades, supporting species-level designations as suggested by morphology and song. Evidence for distinctive subspecies of eastern and western forms of screech-owls was less compelling. In the M. asio group, M. a. mccallii was the only subspecies with a unique haplotype; other subspecies wit...