Topic
Swamp Chestnut Oak
About: Swamp Chestnut Oak is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 38 publications have been published within this topic receiving 606 citations.
Papers
TL;DR: Of 11 species of oak (Quercus sp.) acorns tested, those of the white oak group were higher in nitrogen-free extract, cell wall contents, and hemicellulose thanthose of the black oak group, which had higher levels of dry matter and crude fat.
Abstract: Of 11 species of oak (Quercus sp.) acorns tested, those of the white oak group were higher in nitrogen-free extract, cell wall contents, and hemicellulose than those of the black oak group, which had higher levels of dry matter and crude fat. Acorns of all 11 oak species were low in protein and phospho- rus. In feeding tests with adult fox squirrels (Sciurus niger), negative nitrogen balances were recorded for about two-thirds of the trials. Acorns of the white oak group were consumed at higher rates and thus appeared to be the more palatable of the two groups. Acorns apparently supply squirrels with ade- quate energy but do not satisfy their metabolic requirements for nitrogen or probably phosphorus. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 40(3):479-483 Oak mast is an important source of food for many wildlife species (Martin et al. 1951). Tree squirrels (Sciurus sp.) are es- pecially dependent on the presence of qual- ity acorns in their habitat, and squirrel num- bers have been reported to vary directly with acorn availability (Sharp 1960). Al- though the maintenance of huntable popu- lations of squirrels and the well-being of several other wildlife species necessitate the establishment and management of oaks in forest ecosystems, few studies have deter- mined the metabolic usefulness of acorns to squirrels. Fox squirrels have been reported to use white (Quercus alba) and black (Q. velutina) oak acorns more efficiently than those of red oak (Q. borealis maxima) and to digest lipids and nitrogen free extract more readily than crude protein and crude fiber (Baumgras 1944). Acorns with high lipid contents reportedly serve as high en- ergy rations for squirrels (Smith and Foll- mer 1972). The present paper reports both the composition of acorns of 11 species of oaks and the use of these acorns by fox squirrels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acorns from the black and white oak groups were collected in autumn 1971 for feeding trials. Black oak group acorns were black and northern red oaks (Q. rubra), both collected in the Sylamore Experi- mental Forest in Arkansas, and water oak (Q. nigra), willow oak (Q. phellos), blue- jack oak (Q. incana), and southern red oak (Q. falcata), all collected in Nacogdoches County, Texas. White oak group acorns in- cluded white oak, swamp chestnut oak (Q. prinus), live oak (Q. virginiana), and post oak (Q. stellata), all collected in Nacogdo- ches County. Acorns from the sawtooth oak (Q. acutissima), also a member of the white oak group, were donated by the Interna- tional Paper Company, Camden, Arkansas. Acorns were selected for soundness and stored at -12 C until fed to squirrels. At the beginning of each feeding trial an ali- quot of whole acorns was dried in a forced- air oven at 40 C to determine the oven-dry weight of consumed acorns. The oven-dried acorns were ground in a Wiley mill and stored in capped glass bottles. The dried material was used for the determination of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, Ca, and P, according to standard AOAC procedures (Horwitz 1965); cell wall con- tents (CWC), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and silica were determined according to the proce-
99 citations
TL;DR: It is believed that an improved strategy would involve removal of the willow canopy 2 years after planting, when the seedlings begin to exhibit substantial height-growth potential and are, thus, better prepared to respond.
96 citations
TL;DR: Evidence that flooding induced a source deficiency in oak was that leaves of flooded oak were 65 to 75% smaller than leaves of nonflooded oak, and the order of flood tolerance was: swamp tupelo > sweetgum > swamp chestnut oak > cherrybark oak.
Abstract: About 95% of swamp tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora (Walt.) Sarg.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) seedlings survived continuous root flooding for more than two years, whereas none of the swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii Nutt.) and cherrybark oak (Q. falcata var. pagodifolia Ell.) seedlings survived one year of flooding. Death of oak seedlings occurred in phases associated with periods of major vegetative growth, e.g., after bud burst in spring, after summer stem elongation, and during the winter deciduous stage, suggesting that stored reserves and sources were inadequate to maintain the seedlings when vegetative sinks were forming. Additional evidence that flooding induced a source deficiency in oak was that leaves of flooded oak were 65 to 75% smaller than leaves of nonflooded oak. Flooded swamp tupelo seedlings had a normal leaf size and patchy stomatal opening compared with nonflooded seedlings. Flooding caused increases in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) specific activity in taproot cambial tissues and increases in starch concentrations of swamp tupelo seedlings that were reversed when seedlings were removed from flooding. Flooding had little effect on soluble sugar concentrations in swamp tupelo or sweetgum. In the long-term flood-dry-flood treatment, in which all species had survivors, upper canopy leaf photosynthetic rates were higher in all species during the dry period than in nonflooded controls, whereas their starch and soluble sugars concentrations were similar to those of nonflooded controls. Based on seedling survival and the sink-source relationships, the order of flood tolerance was: swamp tupelo > sweetgum > swamp chestnut oak > cherrybark oak.
90 citations
TL;DR: There appear to be distinct differences between species with respect to the amount of flooding which they will tolerate, and measurement of transpiration should indicate the extent of injury to the roots caused by flooding.
Abstract: species is modified by periodic flooding of the soil. There appear to be distinct differences between species with respect to the amount of flooding which they will tolerate. Overcup oak, for example, often occurs on areas which are flooded for considerable periods of time during the year, but northern red oak usually occurs only on the better drained sites. Cypress commonly grows on flooded soil, but loblolly pine seldom occurs in such wet locations. Presumably the roots of some species are more susceptible to injury from the lack of oxygen and excess of carbon dioxide found in flooded soils, and injury to the roots usually results in decreased absorption of water and minerals and in damage to the shoots. Since very few measurements of the effect of flooding the soil on forest trees have been made, a study was planned on potted seedlings. It was assumed that injury to the roots by flooding would be indicated by a decrease in transpiration resulting from decreased water absorption. Measurement of transpiration should therefore indicate the extent of injury to the roots caused by flooding. The species used and their origin were as follows : Loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, L., North Carolina. Red cedar, Juniperus virginiana, L., North Carolina. Cypress, Taxodium distichum, (L.) Richard, South Carolina. White oak, Quercus alba, L., North Carolina. Swamp chestnut oak, Quercus prinus, L., Tennessee. Red oak, Q. borealis, var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe, North Carolina. Overcup oak, Q. lyrata, Walt., Tennessee. Dogwood, Cornus florida, L., North Carolina. All of these seedlings except cypress had been grown out-of-doors in clay pots for two years and were about 16 inches tall. The cypress was brought from the Coastal Plain about four months before the experiments were started and kept out-of-doors in clay pots until used.
58 citations
TL;DR: Tests on red cedar, red maple, and neem showed that water-soluble allelochemicals were present not only in the wood but also in the leaves, which may indicate that wood chip mulches with weed-suppressing alleLochemicals may be more effective for weed control than mulches without such properties.
Abstract: Shredded and chipped wood mulches are used for weed suppression in perennial fruit crops, in urban landscapes, and occasionally in vegetable crops. Wood chip mulches with weed-suppressing allelochemicals may be more effective for weed control, especially under sustainable and organic production systems, than mulches without such properties. The objective of this study was to test for the presence of water-soluble allelochemicals in wood chips derived from tree species, often found in wood resource recovery operations in the southeastern US. Presence of allelochemicals in water eluates of woodchips and leaves was evaluated in a lettuce bioassay. Eluates of wood chips from red maple (Acer rubrum L.), swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii Nutt.), red cedar (Juniperus silicicola L.H. Bailey), neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), and magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.) highly inhibited germinating lettuce seeds, as assessed by inhibition of hypocotyl and radicle growth. The effects of wood chip eluates from these five species were more than that found for eluates from wood chips of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.,) a species previously identified to have weed-suppressing allelochemicals. Tests on red cedar, red maple, and neem showed that water-soluble allelochemicals were present not only in the wood but also in the leaves. In greenhouse trials, red cedar wood chip mulch significantly inhibited the growth of florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum DC.), compared to the gravel-mulched and no-mulch controls.
57 citations
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Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2021 | 1 |
| 2020 | 1 |
| 2016 | 3 |
| 2015 | 1 |
| 2014 | 1 |
| 2012 | 1 |