Topic
Salix cordata
About: Salix cordata is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 14 publications have been published within this topic receiving 294 citations.
Papers
TL;DR: It appears that selective herbivory by Altica subplicata directly decreases growth and increases mortality of S. cordata and that damage of this single plant species also exerts an indirect impact on the patterns of plant succession on sand dunes.
Abstract: Although effects of insect herbivory on host plant growth and reproduction are well documented, few studies have examined how decreases in host plant fitness might influence community—level patterns, such as plant succession. The purpose of this study was to examine how a specialist flea beetle, Altica subplicata, influences (1) the growth and survivorship of its host plant, sand—dune willow (Salix cordata), and consequently, (2) patterns of plant succession on sand dunes. Growth and mortality of S. cordata were compared over a 3—yr period in experimental plots in which host plants were either protected from beetle feeding (with mesh cages) or exposed to beetle feeding (without cages). The changes in the abundance and biomass of other plant species in these experimental plots were also monitored for the 3—yr period. Growth rates of host plants were significantly influenced by the herbivore exclusion treatment. Plants protected from beetle feeding added 2.2 times as much height and 2.0 times as much diameter as did plants exposed to beetle feeding. Differences between growth rates of plants with and without beetles were greater on the west dune, which had significantly greater amounts of beetle damage, than on the east dune. Furthermore, within plots exposed to beetle feeding, areas with greater amounts of beetle damage had significantly lower height and diameter growth rates than did areas with lesser amounts of beetle damage. A separate experiment showed that mesh cages per se did not influence height growth, diameter growth, or number of shoots added over a 2—yr period. Plant mortality was also strongly affected by the herbivore exclusion treatment. Eighty—four percent of the plants that died over the 3—yr period of the study were in plots with beetles present. Mortality was 3x and 6x higher for plants with beetles than for plants without beetles on the east and west dune, respectively. On the west dune, which had higher beetle damage and plant mortality, the amount of beetle damage incurred by plants explained 88% of the variation in plant mortality. Herbivory on S. cordata also had significant, indirect effects on the changes in abundance of neighboring, non—host plants. For both monocot and dicot herbs, there were greater increases in numbers of plants in plots with beetle feeding than in plots with beetles absent, but only on the west dune with its greater beetle damage. Numbers of herbaceous monocots and herbaceous dicots increased 2.5 times and 1.5 times more, respectively, in plots with beetles than in plots without beetles. The changes in abundance of other Salix plants displayed the same trends, but differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, other woody plants showed significantly greater decreases in abundance in plots with beetles than in plots without beetles on the west dune. Individual plant species displayed both positive and negative changes in abundance in response to exclusion of herbivores from S. cordata. Biomass of two common herbaceous monocots (Juncus spp.) increased more in plots with beetles present, but for the most common herbaceous dicots (Aster and Solidago spp.), increases were greater in plots with beetles absent. Biomass of Salix myricoides, the most common other willow, on the east dune increased more in plots with beetles than in plots without beetles. In general, species that did not show differential increases in abundance also did not show differential growth to already—present plants. After 3 yr of herbivore exclusion, there were no significant differences in species richness, species diversity, or species evenness in plots with and without beetles. Thus, herbivory on S. cordata caused increases in the abundance of herbaceous plants and decreases in the abundance of other woody plants, but over 3 yr did not influence overall species diversity. It appears that selective herbivory by Altica subplicata directly decreases growth and increases mortality of S. cordata and that damage of this single plant species also exerts an indirect impact on the patterns of plant succession on sand dunes.
86 citations
TL;DR: Past herbivory on Salix cordata had direct effects on the future composition of the plant community, via changes in plant abundance, but did not appear to modify the response of the plants community to sand accretion.
Abstract: This study examined how long-term insect herbivory, sand accretion, and the interaction of these factors affect patterns of plant succession on sand dunes. Individuals of a common dune species, Salix cordata, were either exposed to insect herbivory (by a specialist flea beetle, Altica subplicata) or protected from insect herbivory with cages from 1990 to 1992. Plant community composition and sand levels were then assessed from 1993 to 1996, during which time natural sand accretion occurred and flea beetles were rare. The goal was to examine how plant species composition and successional patterns were affected by past herbivory on one plant species, sand accretion, and an interaction between past herbivory and sand accretion. Past herbivory on Salix cordata caused a significant decrease in the proportional representation of herbaceous monocots in the plant community, as well as changes in the abundance of four of the 10 most common plant species. Other grasses and Aster/Solidago had greater increases in abundance in plots with past herbivory, Populus tremuloides had lesser decreases in abundance in plots with past herbivory, and Potentilla anserina had greater increases in abundance in plots without past herbivory. Past herbivory did not significantly affect changes in species richness over the study. Over the entire study, herbaceous monocots, herbaceous dicots, and horsetails increased in absolute abundance, but woody plant abundance decreased. Sand accretion significantly decreased the changes in abundance of three categories of plants: herbaceous monocots, herbaceous dicots, and woody plants. Only for horsetails -was there was a positive rela- tionship between change in abundance and sand accretion. As sand levels increased, the percentage of herbaceous dicots increased, whereas the percentage of herbaceous monocots decreased. There was a greater decrease in species richness with increasing amounts of sand deposition. For eight of the 10 most common species, there was a negative relationship between sand level and change in abundance; only beach grasses responded positively to sand accretion. Plant height was a significant factor in explaining which species increased vs. decreased in abundance; species that increased during the study were significantly taller than species that decreased. Clonal and nonclonal species responded similarly to sand accretion. There were very few interactive effects of past herbivory and sand level. Thus, past herbivory on Salix cordata had direct effects on the future composition of the plant community, via changes in plant abundance, but did not appear to modify the response of the plant community to sand accretion.
49 citations
TL;DR: This study investigated whether sand‐dune willow Salix cordata, exhibits genetic variation in resistance and tolerance to herbivory.
Abstract: 1. This study investigated whether sand-dune willow Salix cordata, exhibits genetic variation in resistance and tolerance to herbivory.
2. A field experiment using cuttings from nine willow clones demonstrated genetic variation in resistance to the specialist herbivore Altica subplicata, as measured by beetle densities. Willow clones differed significantly in both total biomass and leaf trichome densities, and herbivore densities were marginally correlated with both of these parameters.
3. Tolerance to herbivory was measured in a greenhouse experiment by comparing growth response of plants experiencing 50% artificial defoliation and plants experiencing no defoliation. Clones showed significant differences in tolerance to herbivory for some growth measures (changes in height and number of leaves), but not for other growth measures (stem diameter growth and final biomass).
4. Despite the significant genetic variation in both resistance and tolerance, no trade-off was found between resistance and tolerance to herbivory.
44 citations
TL;DR: The present study was made to determine the time of origin and the method of development of the latent root primordia in nodes of stems of Salix cordata Muhl.
Abstract: IT IS well known that stem-cuttings of certain willows, poplars, and other plants root very readily when placed under favorable conditions and that the adventitious roots usually appear at definite places on the stems; but no detailed investigation of the time and method of development of such roots has been published. Trecul (1846) studied the position of adventitious roots on cuttings of many species and suggested the possibility of the existence in certain species of primordia of roots in the stems which remain latent until the cuttings of these plants are placed under conditions favorable for the growth of roots. Vochting (1878) noted the regular arrangement of roots on cuttings of willow and other plants and found the primordia of roots in twigs three to four months old. He thought that the primordia must be present in still younger twigs, but too small to be seen. Van der Lek (1924) made a more detailed study of rootformation in cuttings of several species of Salix and Populus, in Ribes nigrum, and in Vitis vinifera and found root primordia in cuttings made in January, February, and March. In Ribes nigrum, primordia occur in three double series beginning immediately under the insertion of each leaf and extending downward through the internode; a few appear in one or more vertical series on the opposite side of the internode. The primordia lie outside the cambium. Those in series directly beneath the leaf are formed in those rays limiting the wood sectors which become the traces of the leaf in question; those on the opposite side are similarly related to the leaf next above. The rays are locally widened at the places where the root primordia appear. Each primordium is formed immediately under a lenticel. In Salix, Van der Lek found both nodal and internodal root primordia, the nodal ones "closely connected with the wide radial bands of parenchyma formed by the leaf strands leaving the wood cylinder." The internodal ones are similar in location to those of Ribes nigrum. In Populus, the root primordia are formed opposite the centers of the sectors which become the traces to the leaf above, rather than opposite the rays which bound these sectors. No pre-formed root primordia were found in Salix caprea, S. aurita, Populus alba, or Vitis vinifera. The present study was made to determine the time of origin and the method of development of the latent root primordia in nodes of stems of Salix cordata Muhl. Beginning early in May, when the buds had just begun to grow, shoots of this willow were collected at intervals until early autumn. Nodal regfions of shoots were prepared for sectioning in the
43 citations
TL;DR: There was no difference in larval survivorship or growth rate as a function of the age of the community in which host plants were growing, and plant successional stage did not influence larval feeding preferences, however, adult...
Abstract: The effects of early plant successional stage on the abundance and amounts of damage caused by a specialist herbivore were investigated for sand—dune willow, Salix cordata (Salicaceae), growing on sand dunes of varying ages. Both adults and larvae of Altica subplicata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were very abundant on host plants growing on the youngest and intermediate—aged dunes, but were absent from most plants growing on the oldest dunes. Amounts of beetle damage were greatest on the youngest dune, with nearly half of the plants having no leaves at the end of the season, and damage decreased with increasing successional stage. To explain these patterns of herbivory, laboratory and field studies we used to examine beetle survivorship, feeding preferences, and movement patterns. There was no difference in larval survivorship or growth rate as a function of the age of the community in which host plants were growing. Plant successional stage also did not influence larval feeding preferences, however, adult...
31 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2008 | 1 |
| 2005 | 1 |
| 2001 | 2 |
| 1997 | 1 |
| 1994 | 5 |
| 1991 | 1 |