TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used mitochondrial-sequence comparisons to evaluate the efficacy of biogeographical barriers on populations of the snappers Lutjanus kasmira (L. fulvus).
Abstract: Aim In the Indo-Pacific, the mass of islands of the Indonesian archipelago constitute a major biogeographical barrier (the Indo-Pacific Barrier, IPB) separating the Pacific and Indian oceans Evidence for other, more localized barriers include high rates of endemism at the Marquesas and other isolated peripheral islands in the Pacific Here we use mitochondrial-sequence comparisons to evaluate the efficacy of biogeographical barriers on populations of the snappers Lutjanus kasmira and Lutjanus fulvus across their natural ranges Location Pacific and Indian oceans Methods Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence data were obtained from 370 individuals of L kasmira and 203 individuals of L fulvus collected from across each species' range Allele frequency data for two nuclear introns were collected from L kasmira Phylogenetic and population-level analyses were used to determine patterns of population structure in these species and to identify barriers to dispersal Results Lutjanus kasmira lacks genetic structure across the IPB and throughout 12,000 km of its central Indo-Pacific range In contrast, L fulvus demonstrates high levels of population structure at all geographical scales In both species, highly significant population structure results primarily from the phylogenetic distinctiveness of their Marquesas Islands populations (L kasmira, d = 050-053%; L fulvus, d = 087-150%) Coalescence analyses of the L kasmira data indicate that populations at opposite ends of its range (western Indian Ocean and the Marquesas) are the oldest Coalescence analyses for L fulvus are less robust but also indicate colonization from the Indian to the Pacific Ocean Main conclusions The IPB does not act as a biogeographical barrier to L kasmira, and, in L fulvus, its effects are no stronger than isolating mechanisms elsewhere Both species demonstrate a strong genetic break at the Marquesas Population divergence and high endemism in that archipelago may be a product of geographical isolation enhanced by oceanographic currents that limit gene flow to and from those islands, and adaptation to unusual ecological conditions Lutjanus kasmira shows evidence of Pleistocene population expansion throughout the Indo-central Pacific that originated in the western Indian Ocean rather than the Marquesas, further demonstrating a strong barrier at the latter location
TL;DR: Stomach content and stable isotope analyses of L. fulvus showed that specimens from mangroves fed on mangrove-associated prey, whereas those from the coral reef took coral reef- associated prey, indicating that the species undergoes ontogenetic changes in resource use from theMangroves to the coral Reef, i.e. coral reef individuals did not migrate to the mangroaves to feed.
Abstract: Mangroves are often considered to be important nurseries for coral reef fishes, yet this assumption has rarely been tested. At Ishigaki Island, southern Japan, black-tail snapper Lutjanus fulvus juveniles often occur in mangroves, whereas subadults and adults are usually found on coral reefs. To test the hypothesis that L. fulvus uses mangroves as a nursery, we conducted stomach content and stable isotope analyses of L. fulvus collected from mangroves and an adjacent coral reef. Stomach content analysis showed that specimens from mangroves fed on mangrove-associated prey, whereas those from the coral reef took coral reef-associated prey, indicating that the species undergoes ontogenetic changes in resource use from the mangroves to the coral reef, i.e. coral reef individuals did not migrate to the mangroves to feed. Stable isotope analysis showed that potential prey and mangrove red snapper L. argentimaculatus (control fish for mangroves) collected from the mangroves had 13 C-depleted values of -23 to -17‰, distinct from the -16 to -8‰ values of potential prey and humpback red snapper L. gibbus (control fish for coral reef) collected from the coral reef. δ 13 C values of L. fulvus in the mangroves had a mangrove signature, whereas individuals on the coral reef gradually shifted from a mangrove signature to a coral reef signature with growth, indicating that small individuals on the coral reef were recent migrants from the mangroves. Based on the δ 13 C values of the subadult population of L. fulvus on the coral reef, 36 of 41 individuals were estimated to have inhabited the mangroves during their juvenile stage, demonstrating that L. fulvus used the mangroves as a nursery.
TL;DR: SIMPER analysis showed that fish assemblages in the tabular coral area were mainly characterized by Acanthurus nigrofuscus, Pomacentrus lepidogenys, P. philippinus and P. vaiuli, suggesting that the mangrove estuary and seagrass bed have a nursery function.
Abstract: To clarify seascape-scale habitat use patterns of fishes in the Ryukyu Islands (southern Japan), visual censuses were conducted in the mangrove estuary, sand area, seagrass bed, coral rubble area, branching coral area on the reef flat, and tabular coral area on the outer reef slope at Ishigaki Island in August and November 2004, and May, August and November 2005. During the study period a total of 319 species were observed. Species richness and abundance were highest in the branching and tabular coral areas, followed in order by the seagrass bed and mangrove estuary, and coral rubble and sand areas, in each month. Cluster analysis resulted in a clear grouping of assemblage structures by habitat type rather than by census month. SIMPER analysis showed that fish assemblages in the tabular coral area were mainly characterized by Acanthurus nigrofuscus, Pomacentrus lepidogenys, P. philippinus and P. vaiuli, the branching coral area by Chromis viridis and Pomacentrus moluccensis, the coral rubble area by Amblyeleotris steinitzi and Ctenogobiops pomastictus, the seagrass bed by Cheilio inermis, Lethrinus atkinsoni and Stethojulis strigiventer, the sand area by Valenciennea longipinnis, and the mangrove estuary by Gerres oyena, Lutjanus fulvus and Yongeichthys criniger. Moreover, fishes exhibited two habitat use strategies, inhabiting either a single or several specific habitats throughout their benthic life history stages, or having a possible ontogenetic habitat shift from the mangrove estuary or seagrass bed to coral-dominated habitats (e.g., Lethrinus atkinsoni, Lethrinus obsoletus, Lutjanus fulviflamma, Lutjanus fulvus, Lutjanus gibbus, Lutjanus monostigma and Parupeneus barberinus), suggesting that the mangrove estuary and seagrass bed have a nursery function.
TL;DR: Age, growth, and reproductive characteristics of blacktail snapper, Lutjanus fulvus, which is a commercial fish species, were investigated using 322 specimens caught around the Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa, Japan to imply that the current fishing effort to harvest was not sufficiently large enough to collapse the stock immediately.
Abstract: Age, growth, and reproductive characteristics of blacktail snapper, Lutjanus fulvus, which is a commercial fish species, were investigated using 322 specimens (40–332 mm in fork length) caught around the Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa, Japan. Spawning season was estimated to be from April to October, and spawning was confirmed around the full moon and the last quarter moon. Age determination using sectioned otoliths revealed that ages ranged from 0 to 34 years and the majority was ≥ 3 years. Parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth function were estimated to be L∞ = 270 mm, k = 0.40, and t0 = −0.48 years for females, and 257 mm, 0.44, and −0.42 years for males. Initial growth was rapid during the first 3 years, attaining over 200 mm for both sexes, and then females grew larger than males. Sizes (ages) at the first sexual maturity were 225 mm (4 years) for females and 207 mm (3 years) for males. The wide range of age composition in catch with majority of ≥3 years old implied that the current fishing effort to harvest was not sufficiently large enough to collapse the stock immediately.
TL;DR: It is concluded that lag time before population expansion, in conjunction with genetic drift, has defined the genetic architecture of these three species in the introduced range.
Abstract: Biological invasions with known histories are rare, especially in the sea, and empirical studies of the genetic consequences are even rarer. Fifty-five years ago, the state of Hawai'i began a remarkable, if unintentional, 'experiment' with the introduction of three reef fishes, Lutjanus fulvus, Cephalopholis argus and Lutjanus kasmira. All have since expanded from the initial introduction of 2204 to 3163 individuals; however, historical records show that initially L. fulvus remained scarce, C. argus had modest population expansion and L. kasmira experienced rapid population growth. The consequences of differential population growth rates are apparent in F-statistics: Hawaiian L. fulvus demonstrate strong and significant haplotype frequency shifts from the founder location (F(ST) = 0.449), C. argus shows low but significant differentiation (F(ST) = 0.066) and L. kasmira is nearly identical to the founder location (F(ST) = 0.008). All three species had higher mtDNA diversity in the introduced range, which can be explained by multiple sources for L. fulvus and L. kasmira, but not for C. argus. We conclude that lag time before population expansion, in conjunction with genetic drift, has defined the genetic architecture of these three species in the introduced range.