Abstract: The legacy of problems associated with Latin American development policy in the postwar era necessitates the asking of some fundamental questions about the future of development in that region. Economic growth rates have been insufficient, and the employment and distributional problems have been worsening. This situation is in large measure attributable to specific policies pursued by Latin American governments, especially the array of policies included under the rubric of “import-substituting industrialization.” Such policies are critically analyzed as a prelude to the discussion of a suggested reorientation of Latin American development policy. The goal of such a redirected, poverty-oriented development policy is the creation of “livable” (if not “developed”) societies. The effort to fashion development policies aiming at “livability” entails, at the most general level, distributional and short-run emphases. But it also involves the need for major innovations in such diverse areas as technological, agricultural, regional, and educational development. Reorientations of international development lending would also be required. The economic problems of the livability approach are formidable, but recent findings indicate that poverty-oriented development strategies may be economically viable. The political problems are equally if not more formidable, and it is likely that their confrontation will involve new ways of thinking about “political development” and about the relationship of political regime types to economic development.

Abstract: At the present time, the political popularity of foreign assistance, both bilateral and multilateral, has reached a low point in the United States. The lack of enthusiasm is epitomized by the vote of the House of Representatives in January 1974 against the United States's pledge of $550 million to support the International Development Association (IDA), the soft-loan subsidiary of the World Bank (even though that vote was subsequently reversed). Total US commitments of official development assistance have declined from 0.59 percent of GNP in 1963 to 0.29 percent in 1972.

Abstract: The International Development Association (IDA), a subsidiary of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) also known as the World Bank, is a legal device created by the IBRD to avert the displacement of its goals. IDA is a ficticious organization designed to restore equilibrium between the IBRD's "means" of borrowing increasingly larger amounts on private capital markets and its "ends" of increasing the volume of lending to Less Developed Country (LDC) clients. Without IDA's long-term interest-free source of loans, the World Bank would be prevented from operating in its 25 poorest client member countries because of their inability to repay large external debts in foreign exchange. The failure to finance IDA or its removal from IBRD control would also jeopardize the World Bank's long-term investment commitments in major development "markets" such as India, Pakistan, and Indonesia. In addition, IDA is a major source of environmental support for the World Bank, since IDA has been used to establish an LDC governmental constituency for use as leverage against industrial and other donor countries for interest-free contributions to the Bank. The loss of IDA, therefore, would constitute a major crisis for the IBRD, since it would be accompanied by a displacement of World Bank goals, clientele, and a key constituency.

Abstract: Second annual report covering May 1974 through September 1975 for the Agency for International Development, Department of State. Building Materials. (301)

Abstract: The question as to which economic sectors can play a leading role in a development process has given rise to two schools of thought. The author presents a survey of the “balanced” and “unbalanced” growth theories paying special regard to their practical applicability in the framework of international development strategies.

Abstract: . Although they are leading institutions in the world of modern development finance, the multilateral development banks have not been very explicit in outlining the development theories upon which they base their loan operations. This paper assesses the utility of the three prime theories employed by these institutions: the project approach, the macroeconomic (gap theory) approach, and the social welfare (or income distribution) approach. It indicates the questions to which each approach addresses itself, and it indicates weaknesses and theoretical inadequacies of each as a primary or sole development tool. Only a balanced and careful use of all these sometimes contradictory approaches will permit the multilateral lending institutions to fulfill their multifaceted obligations.

Abstract: I prefer to use the term ‘transnational’ because it indicates the tendency of the corporations to cross national frontiers with a minimum of difficulty, whereas the connotation ‘multinational’ may suggest a kind of common ownership which actually does not exist. This article has been published in Rapport, the periodical of the Swedish International Development Authority (no. 2, 1975).

Abstract: "This project was supported by the Office of Population, U.S. Agency for International Development, AID/csd-1059." For more about the East-West Center, see http://www.eastwestcenter.org/

Abstract: Resource centres and resource based learning are of widespread and current concern within education. Because of the often glamorous nature of resource provision it is an aspect of modern development that has attracted the lime‐light and the concomitant “ bandwagoners.” In practice resource‐based learning and the various forms of centres and libraries devised to service and support this mode of education is without a core of uniformity. There is even a problem of language use in this field since we do not have universally accepted concepts. Development is haphazard on the large scale even though it may be based solidly on local needs and objectives. In 1974 UNESCO gathered together a working group to examine strategies for the conversion of libraries into media centres in secondary education. The questions raised by this group and the reports submitted to it could possibly provide a guide‐line for future development. Resource centres, seen in the wider context of educational development, are a rel...

Abstract: The need for international comparative studies of national systems of public finance has increased immeasurably, especially since the establishment of international organizations such as the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund, following World War II, and because of the necessity for comparing, internationally, military expenditures, aid to developing nations, and tax burdens. Concomitantly the development of national economic accounting techniques for internationational comparative analyses seems to have significantly improved. However, such analyses are not necessarily securely grounded in theory.

Abstract: A most promising recent international development has been the harnessing of commercial marketing techniques to promote family planning. Although most projects of this type are government approved and subsidized by international funding organizations they are a striking departure from traditional government-operated medically oriented programs. Results have often been dramatic because of certain attributes of the commercial sector such as 1) marketing management finance distribution and logistics skills; 2) awareness of and sensitivity to consumers needs; and 3) the consistent and self-sustaining motivation of profit.

Abstract: The Agency for International Development serves as a donor agency to population programs in the nonindustrialized countries of the third world. AID defines its role in 2 ways: 1) creating and interpreting knowledge for use by national decisionmakers; and 2) transfering that knowledge to the policymakers who need it. Originally there must be a recognition on the part of national decisionmakers that unlimited population growth hinders the achievement of national social economic and cultural development objectives. Next the decisionmakers seek to affect demographic variables by implementing positive population policies. AID tries to help at both stages of population policymaking. AID provides assistance to formulate implement and continue improving national population policies. Today AID emphasizes the short-term effec ts of demographic policies and seeks to disseminate existing population knowledge instead of generating new research. The method for determining priority countries is discussed. 2 case studies of AIDs activities in the population field are presented.

Abstract: A survey of selected countries to illustrate the variety of approaches used in supplying contraceptives through the community is presented; and the agencies involved are listed. The various types of community-based distribution schemes in 33 countries of Latin America Africa and Asia are identified and briefly described. The personnel and methods utilized in individual countries include rural community leaders fieldworkers satisfied contraceptive users paramedical and lay distributors womens organizations commercial marketing education programs market day strategies and government saturation programs. The community-based program for distributing oral contraceptives with technical assistance from BEMFAM an IPPF affiliate in northeastern Brazil is described in detail with emphasis onsocial marketing techniques and the mobilization of resources. In addition to IPPF other agencies working in community-based distribution include Family Planning International Assistance International Development Research Centre Population Services International The Population Council UNFPA USAID and Westinghouse Health Systems Population Centre.

Abstract: This study is an inquiry into the linkages between property, industrial organizations, and economic systems. The underlying theme is property defined as \"... a bundle of rights or set of relations between people with regard to some good, service, or \"thing\".\" (p.2) The method of analysis is to study economic institutions by comparing different economic systems using sub stantial quantitative analysis. The book consists of numerous empirical studies on the role of property in industrial organizations and economic systems. Pryor's analysis provides empirical answers for the questions, what are the factors influencing property relationships; and, how do particular property institutions affect economic activity. Pryor makes several points which have interesting consequences. On inequality in the distribution of in come, Pryor makes a case for inequality of labor income rather than property income as the primary cause of inequality in the distribution of income especially in capitalistic economic systems. This conflicts with tradi tional Marxian arguments which focus upon property income as a primary cause of inequality in the income distribution.