TL;DR: In this article, two independent detection systems are provided for measuring thermal waves generated in a sample by a periodic, localized heating cause by a laser beam (34) modulated by a modulator (32).
Abstract: Two independent detection systems are provided for measuring thermal waves generated in a sample (22) by a periodic, localized heating cause by a laser beam (34) modulated by a modulator (32). One detection system generates output signals that are primarily a function of the surface temperature of the sample. The other detection system generates signals that are primarily a function of the integral of the temperature beneath the sample surface. The two independent thermal wave measurements permit analysis of both thickness and compositional variables. Both detection systems are implemented efficiently by one apparatus consisting of an He-Ne laser (50) directing a probe beam (52) through a polarising splitter (54) and a dichroic mirror (36) and the objective (38) of the heating beam (34) onto a spot at the heated spot of the sample (22). The probe beam (52) is reflected at an intensity that depends on the surface temperature and is deflected by an angle that depends on the integral of temperature beneath the surface. The reflected beam passes back to the splitter (54) where it is reflected to a split photodetector (80) from which the differential output indicates integral of temperature and sum output indicates surface temperature to a processor (58) determining thickness and compositional variables therefrom.
TL;DR: In this article, a spectrally resolved monochromatic light is provided which generally comprises an incoherent small source lamp (12), a concave grating (14), and an optical fiber for collecting and transmitting the particular wavelength.
Abstract: A spectrally resolved monochromatic light is provided which generally comprises an incoherent small source lamp (12), a concave grating (14) for spectrally resolving the wavelengths of the light to obtain a particular wavelength, and an optical fiber (16) for collecting and transmitting the particular wavelength. The light source can also have more than one optical fiber output, each having a different monochromatic wavelength. An order sorting device, such as a filter or dichroic mirror (18), can be used to filter out the shorter wavelength radiation resulting from higher grating orders.
TL;DR: A PVAc-based benzophenone-8 (PVAcB-8) emission filter to monitor calcium changes in live neurons and was compared with a commercially available dichroic filter and proven more efficient in fluorescent imaging.
Abstract: In this paper, we design, fabricate, and test a PVAc-based benzophenone-8 (PVAcB-8) emission filter to monitor calcium changes in live neurons. We loaded neurons with fura-2 AM, a calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye, which has dual excitation wavelengths at 340 nm, 380 nm with ratiometric emission at 510 nm. To attenuate excitation wavelengths in the UV region and transmit emission light at 510 nm, benzophenone-8 absorption dye was selected as it exhibits high attenuation across 300 to 400 nm. Measurements on the PVAcB-8 filter revealed an attenuation of approximately two and a half orders of magnitude, which is sufficient to collect fluorescence signal from fura-2 AM loaded neurons. The PVAcB-8 filter was compared with a commercially available dichroic filter and proven more efficient in fluorescent imaging.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a single plate type liquid crystal projector which makes it possible obtain bright projected images of high quality by enhancing light utilization efficiency while well maintaining color reproducibility.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a single plate type liquid crystal projector which makes it possible obtain bright projected images of high quality by enhancing light utilization efficiency while well maintaining color reproducibility. SOLUTION: A liquid crystal panel 13 of the color liquid crystal projector of a microlens-dichroic mirror system has a microlens array on the display region surface on an incident side. A reflector 2a and convex-concave cylindrical lenses 4, 5a convert the white natural light from the light source 1 to parallel light beams at compression rates varied by directions. The lens arrays 6, 7 make the spatial energy distribution of the parallel light beams uniform and the dichroic mirror 11 separates the light to a plurality of color light having angle differences. A PBS prism array 8 separates the incident light to two polarization components varying in polarization directions and a half wave plate 9 converts the one polarized light component to the polarized light component of the same polarization direction as the polarization direction of the other polarized light component.
TL;DR: In this paper, a converging lens projects a light image of an original document along an optical path onto the surface of a photoconductive drum, and a dichroic mirror is disposed in the optical path to reflect the light image and has a reflectance characteristic selected in accordance with the spectral sensitivity of the drum.
Abstract: A converging lens projects a light image of an original document along an optical path onto the surface of a photoconductive drum. A dichroic mirror is disposed in the optical path to reflect the light image and has a reflectance characteristic selected in accordance with the spectral sensitivity characteristic of the drum. Unwanted wavelengths are transmitted through the dichroic mirror and absorbed by an absorption plate. The dichroic mirror and absorption plate are housed in a hermetically sealed casing with the converging lens being fixed to and constituting a portion of the casing.