Cro-Magnon

Abstract: This paper examines the historical development of understandings of the transitions in Europe from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic and from Neanderthals to anatomically modern humans, and of the linkages (if any) between the two processes. Although the particular claims, and the databases supporting them, have changed greatly over time, the main line of contention regarding both transitions has been between advocated of rapid, even revolutionary change with a strong allochthonous component, versus those embracing gradual, primarily autochthonous transitions. Proponents of both approaches have proved to be adept at accommodating their views to changes in available data and theoretical approaches. Yet, as an emerging quasi-consensus on the fate of the Neanderthals indicates, these opposing approaches are not indefinitely able to avoid modification in the face of accumulating evidentiary patterns.

Abstract: The obligatory use of cooking by the Mousterian occupants of the north temperate zone relaxed the forces of selection maintaining archaic tooth size and led to the reductions that shaped modern human face form from the Middle East to the Atlantic coast. The delay in the spread of cooking techniques accounts for the later onset of dental reduction to the south. The development and use of projectiles in the African Middle Stone Age led to gracilization and the earlier appearance of "modern" post-cranial and reflected cranial form in Africa. The subsequent adoption of the use of projectiles elsewhere was followed by gracilization and the appearance of "modern" post-cranial morphology. The craniofacial form of Cro-Magnon allies it with the living populations of northwestern Europe, specifically with the fringes in Scandinavia and England, but not with the European continent. Qafzeh represents the pattern still found in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly West Africa. Although the craniofacial configuration in both is "modern," the dentition of Qafzeh is archaic in size and form. Qafzeh is a logical representative of the ancestral form for sub-Saharan Africans but not for Cro-Magnon and subsequent Europeans.

Abstract: This paper is an essay to connect with the stone Age coastal hunters who sheltered 28,000 years ago in the caves of today's italian Mediterranean sea shore cliffs. We have focused on the archaeological Gravettian layer in the Cavillon cave from Grimaldi occupied by Cro Magnons (informal name for Anatomically Modern Humans of the European Upper Paleolithic), which demonstrates the technical skills of the phase. Cro Magnons, like Neanderthals, were seasonally nomadic; however, the diversity of the resources exploited within the territory along the Grimaldi sea coast suggests a longer term site within which a complex symbolic culture developed.