Application layer

Abstract: In this paper, a novel cross-layer scheme is presented for video transmission over LTE-based wireless systems. The proposed cross-layer scheme takes into account parameters from the application layer (I-based versus P-based packets), MAC Layer (Scheduling packets according to their importance) and Physical Layer (Linear Precoding). All these parameters are considered within a novel resource allocation algorithm with transmission rate constraints suitable for video applications. Simulations results have shown that the proposed cross-layer scheme performs better in terms of system throughput and perceived video quality against similar cross-layer schemes.

Abstract: A method, system, and program provide for efficient send socket call handling by a transport layer. A transport layer of a network protocol stack receives a send socket call for data of a specified length from an application layer. Responsive to detecting that there is insufficient memory for a single memory allocation to a buffer in the transport layer for at least the specified length, the transport layer blocks the send socket call. The transport layer only wakes the send socket call upon detection of sufficient memory for the single memory allocation within the buffer of the transport layer for at least the specified length, wherein waking the send socket call triggers a kernel to perform the single memory allocation in the buffer and to write the data to the single memory allocation in a single pass.

Abstract: The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol essentially translates domain names to IP addresses, enabling browsers to load and utilize Internet resources. Despite its major role, DNS is vulnerable to various security loopholes that attackers have continually abused. Therefore, delivering secure DNS traffic has become challenging since attackers use advanced and fast malicious information-stealing approaches. To overcome DNS vulnerabilities, the DNS over HTTPS (DoH) protocol was introduced to improve the security of the DNS protocol by encrypting the DNS traffic and communicating it over a covert network channel. This paper proposes a lightweight, double-stage scheme to identify malicious DoH traffic using a hybrid learning approach. The system comprises two layers. At the first layer, the traffic is examined using random fine trees (RF) and identified as DoH traffic or non-DoH traffic. At the second layer, the DoH traffic is further investigated using Adaboost trees (ADT) and identified as benign DoH or malicious DoH. Specifically, the proposed system is lightweight since it works with the least number of features (using only six out of thirty-three features) selected using principal component analysis (PCA) and minimizes the number of samples produced using a random under-sampling (RUS) approach. The experiential evaluation reported a high-performance system with a predictive accuracy of 99.4% and 100% and a predictive overhead of 0.83 µs and 2.27 µs for layer one and layer two, respectively. Hence, the reported results are superior and surpass existing models, given that our proposed model uses only 18% of the feature set and 17% of the sample set, distributed in balanced classes.

Abstract: The Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) defines standards for Web Service interfaces and data encodings usable as building blocks to implement a Sensor Web for geospatial applications. These standards encapsulate heterogeneous sensors installed in existing sensor networks for web-based discovery, scheduling and access. SWE has been applied in a multitude of projects in the recent years, showing its suitability in real world scenarios. However, there is still a fundamental challenge to be tackled. While SWE enables interoperability and is well-designed towards the upper application layer, the interaction between the Sensor Web and the underlying sensor network layer is not yet sufficiently described. This work identifies five fundamental interaction patterns between the Sensor Web and sensor networks by introducing an intermediary layer, prototypically implemented using Twitter. The patterns bridge the gap between the two distinct layers and are essential for enabling future sensor plug & play within the Sensor Web.