With contributions from

TL;DR: The lubridate package for R is presented, which facilitates working with dates and times and introduces a conceptual framework for arithmetic with date-times in R.

TL;DR: The authors review the literature on climate change impacts on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries, and identify some key knowledge and data gaps, and also list some of the broad researchable issues associated with how smallholders and pastoralists might respond to climate change.

TL;DR: This paper first reviews the historical development of the formulae for decomposing dissimilarities into replacement, richness difference and nestedness indices, and shows that local contributions of replacement and richness difference to total beta diversity can be computed and mapped.

TL;DR: A new super-resolution microscope for optical imaging that beats the diffraction limit of conventional instruments and the recently demonstrated near-field optical superlens and hyperlens is reported.

TL;DR: The authors used a Markov schooling transition model applied to the experimental data to assess the impact of the educational subsidy program along several dimensions, including effects on initial ages of school entry, dropout rates, grade repetition rates, and school reentry rates.

TL;DR: Conditional cash transfer as discussed by the authors is a departure from more traditional approaches to social assistance, that represents an innovative, and increasingly popular channel for the delivery of social services that represents a demand-side complement to the supply of health, and education services.

TL;DR: This article explored the record of these programmes in Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, Honduras, and Mexico and provided a framework for encouraging this model elsewhere and found that these "Cash for Education" programmes help reduce poverty in the short run by raising the earning power of these children in the long run.

TL;DR: In this article, Morley and Coady demonstrate how a promising new alternative to standard donor-financed education programs, the conditioned transfer for education (CTE) program, can advance both poverty reduction and education goals at the same time CTE programs meet the immediate needs of the poorest families by providing cash or food but only on the condition that they keep their children in school.