The influence of application variables on the biological performance of foliage-applied herbicides.

TL;DR: The parameters governing both exo- and endo-losses of herbicides are delineated and the literature on the processes involved is reviewed and recommendations are made as to the areas of research needed to improve the predictions of herbicide losses and their effects.

TL;DR: Improvement in the evenness of distribution of a herbicide, along and across the swath of granular applicators and boom sprayers is needed, together with further research on droplet spectra, droplet trajectory and their ultimate distribution.

TL;DR: In this article, a system for delivering ultra-low volumes of charged droplets to biological control is proposed. But the system is not suitable for spraying on leaves and cannot be used to control the trajectories of electrostatically charged droplet trajectories.

TL;DR: Herbicides sprayed in spring cereals with conventional and low pressure hydraulic flat-fan spray nozzles and rotary atomizers gave the best effect and where great care has to be taken, the use of conventional flat- fan spray or low-pressure nozzle at 100 kPa and 250 1/ha may be a compromise between effect and safety.