Test Methods for Explosives

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method for determining the starting strength of high explosive charges and their sensitivity to high explosive charge impacts, including the sensitivity of high explosives to electric spark.

Abstract: 1. General Concepts and Classification of Explosives.- 1.1. Safety Precautions in Handling Explosives.- 1.2. Initiating Devices.- 1.2.1. Initiation of High Explosive Charges.- 2. Sensitivity of Explosives.- 2.1. Determination of the Heat Sensitivity of Explosives.- 2.2. Determination of the Sensitivity of Explosives to Electric Spark.- 2.3. Determination of the Adiabatic Sensitivity of Explosives.- 2.4. Sensitivity of Explosives to Mechanical Stimuli.- 2.4.1. Determination of Impact Sensitivity.- 2.4.2. Determination of Friction Sensitivity.- 2.4.3. Determination of the Sensitivity to Fragment Impact.- 2.4.4. Determination of Impact Vulnerability.- 2.5. Determination of the Initiating Strength of Primary Explosives.- 2.6. Determination of the Sensitivity of High Explosives to Detonators.- 2.7. Shock Wave Initiation of Detonation.- 2.7.1. Wedge Test for Determination of the Shock Wave Initiation Sensitivity.- 2.7.2. Gap Test for Determination of the Shock Wave Initiation Sensitivity.- 2.7.3. Determination of the Transmission of Detonation in Open Air.- 2.7.4. Determination of the Transmission of Detonation in Confinement.- 2.7.5. Determination of the Transmission of Detonation on a Free Surface.- 2.8. Determination of Blasting and Technical Characteristics of Detonators.- 2.8.1. Determination of the Sensitivity of Flash Detonators to Open Flame.- 2.8.2. Determination of the Sensitivity of Stab Detonators to the Firing Pin.- 2.8.3. Lead Block Test for Determination of the Initiating Strength of Detonators.- 2.8.4. Lead Plate Test for Determination of the Initiating Strength of Detonators.- 2.8.5. Copper Crusher Compression Test for Determination of the Initiating Strength of Detonators.- 2.8.6. The Sevran Method for Determination of the Initiating.- Strength of Detonators.- 2.8.7. Haid's Method for Determination of the Initiating Strength of Detonators.- 2.9. Determination of the Initiating Strength of Boosters.- 3. Combustion of Explosives.- 3.1. Determination of the Combustion Pressure at Constant Volume Conditions.- 3.2. Determination of the Composition and the Volume of Combustion Products.- 3.3. Determination of the Combustion Rate of Propellants at Constant Pressure Conditions.- 3.4. Determination of the Heat of Combustion of Explosives.- 4. Detonation.- 4.1. Determination of the Detonation Velocity.- 4.1.1. The Dautriche Method for Determination of the Detonation Velocity.- 4.1.2. Determination of the Detonation Velocity by Optical Methods.- 4.1.3. Determination of the Detonation Velocity Using Electronic Counter and Velocity Probes Technique.- 4.1.4. Determination of the Detonation Velocity Using Oscilloscope and Velocity Probes Technique.- 4.1.5. Determination of the Detonation Velocity Using Probe for Continuous Determination of Detonation Velocity and Oscilloscope Technique.- 4.1.6. Determination of the Detonation Velocity Using Optical Fibres as Velocity Probes.- 4.2. Determination of the Detonation Wave Parameters.- 4.2.1. Flying Plate Test for Determination of the Detonation Parameters.- 4.2.2. The Aquarium Test for Determination of the Detonation Parameters.- 4.2.3. Determination of the Detonation Parameters Using the Laser Technique.- 4.2.4. Determination of the Detonation Parameters Using Electromagnetic Particle Velocity Gauge Technique.- 4.2.5. Determination of the Detonation Wave Parameters Using Flash X-Ray Photography.- 4.2.6. Determination of the Detonation Pressure Using a Manganin Pressure Gauge.- 4.2.7. Determination of the Detonation Pressure Using a Polyvinylfluoride-Based Pressure Gauge.- 4.2.8. Determination of the Detonation Parameters by the Laser Interferometry Technique.- 4.3. Determination of the Detonation Temperature.- 4.3.1. Determination of Detonation Temperature Using a Two-Colour Optical Fibre Pyrometer.- 4.4. Determination of the Composition of Detonation Products.- 5. Working Capacity of Explosives.- 5.1. Lead Block Test for Determination of the Strength of Explosives.- 5.2. Determination of Explosive Strength Using the Ballistic Mortar.- 5.3. Determination of Explosive Strength by Underwater Detonation.- 5.4. Determination of Explosive Performances by the Double Pipe Test.- 5.5. Determination of the Parameters of Explosive Effects from the Cylinder Expansion Test.- 5.6. Determination of the Brisance by the Hess Test.- 5.7. Determination of the Brisance by Kast's Method.- 5.8. Determination of the Brisance by the Plate-Denting Test.- 5.9. Determination of the Shock Wave Parameters.- 5.9.1. Determination of the Shock Wave Pressure.- 5.9.2. Determination of the Shock Wave Velocity.- References.