TL;DR: The kidney is comprised of heterogeneous cell populations that function together to perform a number of tightly controlled, complex and interdependent processes and the renal endothelium is revisited in the light of ever evolving molecular advances.

TL;DR: A substantial body of experimental and observational human data supports the twin concepts that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to impaired filtration and that recovery of mitochondrial structure and function is essential for recovery from sepsis-associated AKI.

TL;DR: Treatment initially should focus on aggressive skin hydration, patient education on minimizing scratching, and optimization of the aspects of chronic kidney disease care that are most relevant to pruritus, including dialysis adequacy and serum parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus management.

TL;DR: Two models for APOL1 trypanolytic activity are discussed: one involving lysosome permeabilization and another involving colloid-osmotic swelling of the cell body, as well as their relevance to human pathophysiology, which suggests that both mechanisms may be operative.

TL;DR: Clinical and experimental evidence now suggests the importance of inflammatory mechanisms in the development of AKI and microcirculatory dysfunction more than systemic alteration in renal perfusion and the hemodynamic management of this condition is rationalized.

TL;DR: Outcomes after stroke at all stages of CKD are poor, and improving these outcomes should be the subject of future clinical trials.

TL;DR: Maternal disease activity and fetal well-being should be monitored closely by an interdisciplinary team, including obstetricians, rheumatologists, and nephrologists throughout pregnancy to ensure the best pregnancy outcomes.

TL;DR: The relationship between, and complications of, RLS and CKD both in dialysis and nondialysis patients, and the treatment options for patients on dialysis with RLS are examined are examined.

TL;DR: Genetic insights of key pathogenic processes and pathways that may lead to lupus nephritis are discussed as well as the clinical implications of these findings as they apply to recent advances in biologic therapies.

TL;DR: An overview of the renal manifestations associated with the presence of aPL in patients with SLE is provided, and the impact of a PL in selected scenarios such as lupus nephritis, end-stage renal disease, and pregnancy is discussed.

TL;DR: The pathophysiology of the renal microcirculation during sepsis and how it contributes to acute kidney injury is discussed and will help guide specific therapeutic strategies in sepsi-induced acute kidney Injury.

TL;DR: Preclinical and clinical evidence supporting its pathogenic role in glomerular injury in chronic renal disease is reviewed and the therapeutic rationale for endothelin antagonists as a new class of antiproteinuric drugs is discussed.

TL;DR: The description of the renal sub-cellular targets of nephritogenic autoantibodies is described and a counter-point opinion to the article by Pedersen et al. is offered.

TL;DR: The roles of neutrophils, dendritic cells, Toll-like receptors, and interferon-α in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis are discussed by separately reviewing their roles in extrarenal systemic autoimmunity and in intrarenal inflammation and immunopathology.

TL;DR: The clinical and experimental basis of emerging therapeutic approaches that focus on targeting early proinflammatory and late anti-inflammatory processes, as well as therapeutics that may enhance cellular survival and recovery are discussed.

TL;DR: The trend of the RRT used to support LN ESKD patients is not guided by the lower mortality seen with the use of kidney transplantation compared with dialysis, and more than 80% of patients begin with hemodialysis and less than 15% begin with peritoneal dialysis in the United States.

TL;DR: There currently is unprecedented clinical trial activity in lupus nephritis, which most likely will lead to at least one drug approval in years to come, and the basis for failures is unknown.

TL;DR: In animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, ETA-selective antagonists have been shown to provide renoprotective effects, supplying the rationale for clinical trials in patients with diabetic nephropathy with ETA -receptor antagonists administered in addition to renin-angiotensin system blockade.

TL;DR: A contemporary summary of the current state of the field in disease pathogenesis and therapeutics is provided, and the importance of clinical practice guidelines, patient perspectives, patient-reported outcomes, uniform trial reporting, and health-economics in ADPKD are highlighted.

TL;DR: Central sleep apnea also is highly prevalent in CKD/ESRD but remains poorly understood, underdiagnosed, and undertreated, and Adaptive servo-ventilation ultimately may represent the treatment of choice in these patients, although a stepped approach using a variety of therapeutic modalities is recommended.

TL;DR: Gopala Rangan is a member of the Advisory Committee on the Safety of Medical Devices, Therapeutic Goods Administration, and received financial support to attend the KDIGO Controversies Conference on ADPKD in 2014.

TL;DR: Recognition of the complex interplay between comorbid conditions, sepsis, and AKI is key to the successful management of these syndromes.

TL;DR: Screening for intracranial aneurysms in high-risk individuals with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and treatment in centers that have expertise in endovascular coiling and microsurgery are suggested.

TL;DR: Evidence is reviewed that supports a role for fluid overload and overnight fluid shift in the pathogenesis of sleep apnea in patients with ESRD.

TL;DR: The thoughtful application and interpretation of these genetic tests will maximize the benefits to patients with NS in the form of more precise clinical care, and the complexities inherent in trying to ascribe risk or causality to these variants will be discussed.

TL;DR: It is recommended that a multidisciplinary team (hepatologist, hepatobiliary surgeon, interventional radiologist, and nephrologist) care for patients with severepolycystic liver disease associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

TL;DR: This review examines the current literature regarding the ET system in nondiabetic CKD and suggests that theses therapies may slow renal disease progression primarily through blood pressure and proteinuria reduction.

TL;DR: Within this complex interplay leading to septic AKI, the inflammatory response plays a pivotal role and hence modulation of this response may translate to improved outcomes, according to the evidence accumulated to date.