Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of healthcare resources on outputs defined as waiting time of patients, the length of stay, the number of patients treated and the cost of the resources for the emergency department (ED). Data were obtained with a discrete-event simulation model for the ED and Box-Behnken experimental design technique was used to analyze the resources of healthcare that affect the outputs of ED. We have emphasized the effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare institutions on the quantity and quality of healthcare resources in the present study. Among the findings, by calculating the number of patients treated at maximum level (157 patients) with minimum cost (768.73 units of money), an improvement of 38.94 % of the patient waiting time and 20.87 % of the length of stay has been achieved. We support that the number of healthcare resources has a slight effect on the healthcare systems, while the main thing is that the quality of healthcare resources is more important according to the result of this study.

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of using a Geoboard on learners‟ motivation for learning geometry theorems. The study was a qualitative research project, which included twenty (n = 20) participants from two secondary schools in King Cetshwayo District in KwaZulu-Natal Province (selected by means of convenience sampling). Eight (n = 8) of the top learners, four (n = 4) of the middle learners, and eight (n = 8) of the bottom learners were randomly selected from the mark list for the test on geometry theorems to form four focus groups. Each focus group comprised five (n = 5) participants. All twenty (n = 20) participants were taught geometry theorems using a Geoboard for two weeks. The data collected from the four focus groups were analysed using the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) theory of motivation, following an interview schedule. The results revealed that learners became motivated to learn geometry theorems after being taught these theorems using a Geoboard. The study further revealed that only the Attention, Relevance, and Confidence aspects of the ARCS theory increased learners‟ motivation, and not the Satisfaction aspect. Further findings of the study were that participants became more confident and showed interest in learning geometry theorems, especially in writing geometry theorems reasons correctly as corresponding with ARCS theory. It is recommended that external awards such as incentives must be used, along with Geoboards to teach geometry theorems which can subsequently increase extrinsic motivation and learners‟ satisfaction.

Abstract: Purpose - The aim of this paper is to present a multi-criteria decision-making model in order to apply Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method for the selection of the best treatment technique for HER2+ breast cancer from two different treatment alternatives: Kadcyla and Lapatinib plus Capecitabine. The study analyzes the decision making process of oncologists when there are more than one alternative treatment techniques for them to choose.\\\\r\\\ Design/methodology/approach – Data are collected from oncologists by using an online survey after the literature review was carried out and interviews with a drug developer and oncologists were made. In order to analyze the decision making process of oncologists and the effectiveness of two drugs based on determined attributes, AHP method was used and the results were verified with TOPSIS and Weighted Product methods.\\\\r\\\ Findings – In this paper, it is proven that Kadcyla is better in AHP model when compared to Lapatinib plus Capecitabine in terms of meeting the expectations of the oncologists while fighting against HER2+ breast cancer.\\\\r\\\ Research limitations/implications - The biggest limitation of the research seems to be a halo effect that the oncologists might be experiencing because one of the alternative drug combinations in the research is more frequently prescribed than the other one which could affect the subjectivity of the answers.\\\\r\\\ Originality/Value - This paper gives an insight about the factors that are taken into account when choosing the best cancer treatment technique and their significance level. It presents a model for identifying the most effective targeted drug combination. It will be useful for academicians, oncologists and drug developers in terms of a better understanding of the needs in cancer treatment

Abstract: Although many people appreciate mathematics as a discipline exhibiting sound reasoning with a universal appeal, the mere fact that this academic discipline has a history shows that there must have been different and even clashing schools of thought present in it. Greek mathematics advanced under the Pythagorean flag of an “Arithmetica universalis” but soon switched to a spatial perspective owing to the discovery of irrational numbers as an effect of this first foundational crisis of mathematics. The second crisis centred in the limit concept which prompted mathematicians to employ the actual infinite. However, this move gave rise to the third foundational crisis when Russell and Zermelo discovered that Cantor’s set concept entailed antinomies. This caused the rise of the intuitionistic mathematics of Brouwer and his followers as well as the logicism of Frege, Dedekind and Russell. At once this brought Greek and medieval conceptions to the fore, such as the infinite divisibility of a continuum. The dominant understanding of infinity restricted its meaning to what Kant called the “successive infinite” (the potential infinite) – which can never be understood as an infinite totality given at once, i.e., as the at once infinite (actual infinite). However, restricting mathematics to the successive infinite gave rise to intuitionistic mathematics which arrived at results that find, according to Beth, “no counterpart in classical mathematics”. Hilbert followed Kant in accepting certain extralogical concrete objects which are intuited as directly experienced prior to all thinking. But although he accepts the successive infinite with Kant, Hilbert still wants to inhabit the paradise created for us by Cantor. At the background of Kant’s thought the tension between nature and freedom lurks, also surfacing in the distinction between “Ding-an-sich” and appearance. Interestingly, Hilbert made an appeal to Kant’s conception of transcendental ideas (concepts of reason) in order to justify his employment of the actual infinite (at once infinite). But he did not realize that Kant’s view of transcendental ideas entails the idea of infinite totalities. Hilbert had to use the at once infinite in order to justify the use of the at once infinite. The final irony of his firm belief that it would be possible to prove the consistency of mathematics, is found in the famous 1931 article of Gödel on this issue. In 1946 Hermann Weyl remarked, with a ring to the successive infinite as embedded in human intuition: “It must have been hard on Hilbert, the axiomatist, to acknowledge that the insight of consistency is rather to be attained by intuitive reasoning which is based on evidence and not on axioms.” Gödel has shown that a formal mathematical system is consistent or complete. Roos pointed out that Hilbert never recovered from this blow. 1. MATHEMATICS AS “AN EXACT SCIENCE”? Mathematics appears to be an instance of sound and exact reasoning. Fern alleges that mathematical calculations are “paradigmatic instances of universally accessible, rationally compelling argument.” As examples he chooses the familiar argument that 2+2=4. Anyone who “fails to see ‘two plus two equals four’ denies the Pythagorean Theorem, or dismisses as Vol. 75 | No. 1/1 | Jan 2019 DOI: 10.21506/j.ponte.2019.1.11 International Journal of Sciences and Research 142 nonsense the esoterics of infinitesimal calculus forfeits the crown of rationality” (Fern, 2002:96-97). Does this mean that all mathematicians agreed about everything within their discipline? Of course not, since the mere fact that mathematics has a history points to a negative answer. 2. THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS Therefore, before we can take the leap (with Fern) from Pythagoras to today, we should contemplate the general form of the question just asked: if rationality reigns uncontested within the discipline of mathematics – and in all the other academic disciplines, how do we then explain the history of all these disciplines? The “most exact” of them all, namely mathematics, even witnessed three foundational crises. Just compare the account given by Fraenkel et.al. (1973:12-14). History always entails changes and if these changes were not historically significant, then mathematics would not have had a history. A similar claim holds true for all the other academic disciplines, including special sciences such as physics, biology, psychology, logic, the science of history and so on. Keep in mind that more than 100 years ago the newly invented set theory revealed nasty antinomies, reminiscent of what occurred in ancient Greece where the discovery of irrational numbers led to the first foundational crisis of mathematics. 3. “ARITHMETICA UNIVERSALIS” Greek mathematics commenced with the idea of an “Arithmetica universalis” – the Pythagorean idea that everything is number. Greek mathematics in the first place was arithmetic and not geometry. They succeeded in arithmetizing the musical intervals and in addition realized that the discovery of harmonious intervals led to the insight that the length of these intervals is related to each other as simple integers, i.e., as fractions (see Hasse and Scholz 1928:5). Yet, it was this relationship that confronted Greek mathematics with so-called incommensurable magnitudes, leading to the discovery of irrational numbers, such as the square root of the number two [√2]. Hasse and Scholz remark that this state of affairs was designated by employing the Greek word “alogos” [ἄλογος]. If not full-out present this term was accompanied by the awareness of something “widersinnig” (with a contradictory meaning). 4. “IRRATIONAL NUMBERS – THE LIMITS OF ARITHMETIZATION In the fifth century B.C. two complicated discoveries were made. First of all that “the diagonal of a given square could not be measured by an aliquot part of its side (in modern terms, that the square root of 2 is not a rational number)” and secondly, the paradoxes of Zeno (Achilles and the tortoise, the bisecting paradox, the flying arrow and so on). These paradoxes underscored the apparent impossibility to construe finite magnitudes with the aid of infinitely small parts (Fraenkel et.al., 1973:13-14). This crisis caused a fundamental switch – away from arithmetic and towards a spatial orientation, which dominated the scene up to Descartes and the early 19th century when it was once more attempted to arithmetize mathematics. Vol. 75 | No. 1/1 | Jan 2019 DOI: 10.21506/j.ponte.2019.1.11 International Journal of Sciences and Research 143 5. THE SECOND FOUNDATIONAL CRISIS OF MATHEMATICS The hall-mark of the second foundational crisis is found in the circular way in which the limit concept was employed. It manifested itself in the view that irrational numbers (eventually designated as real numbers) could be seen as generated by converging sequences of fractions (still defended in 1821 by the French mathematician Cauchy). Eventually, during the second part of the 19th century, Weierstrass realized that this view is circular, for whatever serves as the limit of a converging sequence of numbers must already be a number to begin with. Weierstrass, Dedeking and Cantor explored an alternative option by postulating, for example, that the √2 is the totality of fractions smaller than √2, that a so-called Dedekind cut should be used in defining real numbers, or that they are fundamental series (Cantor). These three options are equivalent in that these they represent approaches implicitly accepting the actual infinite (see Buckley 2012 – Chapters 3 and 4). [Aristotle introduced the distinction between the potential infinite and the actual infinite but rejected the latter.] 6. THE SET THEORY OF CANTOR – THE WELL-SPRING OF THE THIRD FOUNDATIONAL CRISIS With the introduction and development of Cantor’s set theory during the last three decades of the 19th century it was believed that these problems could be set aside. But unfortunately, Bertrand Russell and Ernst Zermelo (round about 1900) discovered that the set of all sets not containing themselves as elements yields the contradictory situation that such a set is an element of itself if and only if it is not an element of itself. The third foundational crisis caused some serious problems. In particular the difference between the potential infinite and the actual infinite largely inspired the break-away of intuitionistic mathematics from the main-stream developments. By introducing appropriate axioms, it seemed possible to prevent the deduction of the just-mentioned set of all sets. David Hilbert with awe admires Cantor’s theory of transfinite numbers, which is “the finest product of mathematical genius and one of the supreme achievements of purely intellectual human activity” (Hilbert 1925:167). Three pages further on he states with equal esteem that no one will drive us out of the paradise created by Cantor. 7. BROUWER – LEAVING THE “PARADISE” CREATED BY CANTOR Nonetheless the Dutch mathematician, L.E.J. Brouwer, rejected the mathematical use of the actual infinite and with it abolished the transfinite arithmetic of Cantor. This follows from the fact that intuitionism identifies mathematical existence with constructability (see Becker 1973:21 ff.). In his footsteps Kaufmann attempts to reduce the irrational numbers and fractions to integers in his work on the elimination of the infinite from mathematics (Kaufmann 1968:106 ff.). He warns that in speaking about a sequence or succession no infinite totality is meant (Kaufmann 1968:122-123). The gifted mathematician, Hermann Weyl, left the school of Cantor and Hilbert and became an adherent of Brouwer’s intuitionism. Another intuitionist mathematician, Arend Heyting, categorically declares that Cantor’s theory of transfinite numbers is nothing but a phantasm (Heyting 1949:4). Vol. 75 | No. 1/1 | Jan 2019 DOI: 10.21506/j.ponte.2019.1.11 International Journal of Sciences and Research 144 8. MATHEMATICAL REASON UNDER SIEGE This sheds a shadow

Abstract: This research aims at mapping the basic mathematical abilities of the students of Civics Education. Then, the existence of differences regarding this basic skill would be scientifically studied from the perspective of gender. The combination of qualitative and quantitative (Mixed Methods) would be employed as the research method, the qualitative would be used to map the basic mathematical abilities and the quantitative is for testing the quality of instrument which would be used from the perspective of gender. The results are (1) civic education students’ ability on visualization is higher than mathematical logic. (2) Based on gender, it indicates that, based on the given 30 questions, women gain 17,85 questions and men 14,4 questions of correct answers. (3) The test to determine the mathematical basic abilities indicates the output Independent Samples Test Test value Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) = 0,008 < 0,05. Meaning that H0 reveals the fact that man and woman possess different levels of abilities.

Abstract: The article reveals the socio-political content of the XVII century. Both dependence on foreigners and the influence of internal tensions between tribes on the political life of the Safavid state are investigated. In such historical circumstances, the cultural environment is also based on sources that have not yet been identified. Under such circumstances, a description of the language is given. In particular, during the period of the Shah Abbas (during the rule of other shahs), attitudes toward the Turkish language are expressed in contradictory ideas. It has been established that the stage of the XVII century literary language is not a way out, but history as a turning point. This is proved, on the one hand, by scientific data, as well as facts about language. As a result of the research, it turns out that the language policy that underlies the existence of the state and the nation is carried out in the direction of Turkic rule in the 17th century. The article contains the rich language of the real world, including the introduction of the Turkish language in the history of the 17th century Azerbaijani literary language, the decline of the Persian language (including the accompanying Arabic language), the destruction of cults, as well as the intensification of new processes, such as differentiation, stabilization and democratization examples. In the 17th century, as in all periods of the history of the Azerbaijani literary language or at all stages of historical development, the process of defining a literary language and defining different styles (charming, scientific, official epistolary) took place. Style plays a significant role in relationships. In volume, the rate is determined in style and appears. As a result, it is noted that the 17th century very dynamically develops phonetic, lexical and grammatical norms in the direction of nationalization. The development of literary language, of course, all levels of language are available. But what if you want to translate it into one language? The real fact, which is obvious, or hidden, or not, is voluminous in the volume, which is a lexical system, which leads to great changes. This does not mean that in other languages, such as the phonological system, the language is checked and the file is checked. All, that is, it is not so, but here is a breakthrough for change. This is not an idea or an idea of ignorance and ignorance, but there is no certainty that changes in language change. The truth is that everything that creates a change in the original of another phenomenon, which confirms the existence of legality. The definition of phonetic norms for a certain period of time (continent, period or phase) is contained in a volume that is one of the other publicly available versions of the phone in the language, and, in each other's eyes, by removing from one-dimensional parallels, stabilization in language and content.

Abstract: In Algeria, in arid and semi-arid areas where precipitation is below 200-350 mm isohyetes and the absence of superficial water resources, groundwater exploitation is the only way to achieve Needs (agriculture, drinking water, industry). In order to ensure the sustainability of this increasingly scarce resource and in view of the increase in demands, it is imperative to ensure optimal management. From this perspective, knowledge of potential recharge areas and the recharge rate of aquifers are of particular interest in all studies of sustainable management of water resources. This study is a contribution to the determination of potential areas for aquifer recharge. The proposed methodology is a cartographic approach, based on the analysis of major factors (precipitation, drainage density, lineament density, slope, soil permeability, vegetation cover, geomorphology) governing infiltration in this area. The analysis was based on the use of a Geographical Information System (GIS) and was made possible thanks to the development of the different spatialized data layers, descriptive of these different factors. This work allowed the classification of the study area (El Madher Plain, Batna, Algeria) into three sectors: 66.7% of the total area very favorable to recharge, 25.99% of the total area moderately Favorable and 5.99% of the total less favorable surface area.

Abstract: The article discusses the trends and strategies of labor emigration from Tajikistan to OECD countries. Waves and types of emigration from Tajikistan, adaptation of emigrants from Tajikistan to OECD countries.As well as the migration policy of the OECD countries in relation to immigrants from Tajikistan. Tajik labor migrants are becoming increasingly brighter than the prospect of getting a job not only in the CIS countries, but also in Europe, Asia and North America, where working conditions are better, and wages are much higher than in Russia and Kazakhstan. The OECD countries can rightfully be considered as new directions of Tajik emigration. An important feature of the tendency and strategy of labor emigration as a result of our research would be to note the combination of educational and vocational qualifications, resettlement and seasonal labor, labor migration - mostly unskilled and skilled with retraining and internship of labor migration from Tajikistan. Adaptation of immigrants is accompanied by some difficulties. The main one is job searches, which usually take several months. For the most part, the emigrants of Tajikistan consider Eastern Europe and Greece as countries of temporary residence, their main goal being moving to Western Europe (Austria, Germany, Scandinavian countries, etc.). There are cases of intentional destruction of their passports by Tajik migrants when they move to Germany with subsequent appeal to the authorities under the guise of refugees from Afghanistan, since both Tajiks and Afghans speak Farsi (Dari) to receive refugee status and corresponding benefits in Germany. In the OECD countries, new Tajik communities are being formed, which may become, in the near future, networks of attraction for new migrants from Tajikistan.

Abstract: An all optical backbone Optical Burst Switched (OBS) network comprises of a multitude of optical transport sub-systems erected in commercial, residential as well as industrial areas. The heterogeneous nature of the large volumes of traffic generated by various applications and services ideally requires an optical backbone network infrastructure to accommodate it. Such a network must be continuously adaptable to the changing nature of the traffic as well as its spontaneous growth with time. In so doing, it has to ensure high end-to-end quality of service (QoS), availability as well as provision adaptable controllability in cooperation with peripheral (service) layer networks. To successfully design and deploy a cost-effective backbone network, consideration must be taken with regards to system configuration, as well as in applied devices manufacturing. This is to ensure that any component failure does not add any noticeable performance degradation as the network will quickly reconfigure itself accordingly. At operational level, effective routing approaches are necessary to ensure minimized congestion as well as contention occurrences. The aggregation of both transit and local traffic at a node influences each other such as to aggravate congestion and to a certain extent reduce contention occurrences (due to the streamline effect). In this paper, we propose a priority based intermediate Node Buffering based PIB-RWA scheme to combat the problem of contention occurrences and to prevent bursts discarding. It basically selects primary as well as deflection paths/links based on past contention frequency occurrences as well as current resources states in the candidate paths. Furthermore, the scheme also augments intermediate buffering provisioning for contending data bursts that are almost reaching the destination. Simulation results show that the scheme performs well in terms of key QoS metrics such as network throughput, data burst loss probabilities as well as load balancing

Abstract: The green dam is one of Algeria's greatest environmental achievements. However, few studies have focused on this area and particularly on its dynamics. This study intends to follow the evolution of the green dam since its establishment. We have chosen a typical region where this reforestation was initiated, the forest of Moudjbara, located in Djelfa (department). A visual classification of Landsat satellite images 1972, 1987; 2003 and 2016 coupled with field surveys was carried out. To limit the exogenous variations, the sun-synchronous satellite images were chosen in autumn. Phytoecological surveys based on mixed sampling were performed. In terms of area, reforestation (after planting) reached about 6 500 ha in 1987 and 7985 ha in 2003 while in 2016 it reached 8500 ha, occupying nearly one third of the total study area. Nevertheless, crops, especially in areas where reforestation has declined, are increasing. Phytosanitary status is a concern but natural forests seem less affected with 1.2 nests per tree in natural forest and 1.85 in reforestation. The comparison between original and reforested forest formations shows that biodiversity is greater in natural forests and the difference between reforestation areas and natural forest decrease with time. The similarity index between the natural forest and reforestation areas for the year 2002 is estimated at 63% reaching 76% in 2018 for perennial species. The most notable changes are observed in the nearby steppe, which is undergoing advanced degradation. The crops which occupied only 1.29% of the study area in the beginning of the study currently cover 12% of the territory. This work shows that reforestation has relatively maintained their original areas, although crops areas are growing. Contrariwise, the phytosanitary quality and the biodiversity of the reforestation areas are less satisfactory compared to natural ones. The rangelands are Vol. 75 | No. 4/1 | Apr 2019 DOI: 10.21506/j.ponte.2019.4.8 International Journal of Sciences and Research 117 undergone deep changes, which weaken their long-term future and question the survival of livestock farming in these zones.