TL;DR: The critical shear stress τc to move a dislocation through a random array of obstacles in the glide plane is calculated using a statistical theory and the theory provides a definite prescription how to combine the concentrations and interaction forces of obstacles of different kinds.
Abstract: The critical shear stress τc to move a dislocation through a random array of obstacles in the glide plane is calculated using a statistical theory. The result is an expression for τc in terms of the obstacle concentration, the line tension of the dislocation, and of the interaction force between the dislocation and a single obstacle. Fleischer's solution of the same problem is not reproduced by the statistical theory. Quantitatively the two results are not very different, but our new result is supported by some recent experimental evidence. Furthermore the theory provides a definite prescription how to combine the concentrations and interaction forces of obstacles of different kinds in the expression for τc.
TL;DR: In this article, the energy coordinate of the point at which the linear increase in the Kubelka-Munk function starts gives the energy value of the forbidden energy gap is discussed.
Abstract: Diffuse reflectance technique for the measurement of forbidden energy gap, Eg, is discussed. The energy coordinate of the point at which the linear increase in the Kubelka-Munk function starts gives the Eg-value. The Eg-values of fifteen semiconductors are reported. These Eg-values are found to be in good agreement with those measured by other methods.
Es wird die Methode der diffusen Reflexion fur die Messung der Breite Eg der verbotenen Zone diskutiert. Der Energiewert des Punktes, an dem der lineare Anstieg der Kubelka-Munk-Funktion beginnt, ergibt den Eg-Wert. Die Eg-Werte fur funfzehn Halbleiter werden mitgeteilt. Diese Eg-Werte befinden sich mit denen, die mit anderen Methoden gemessen wurden, in guter Ubereinstimmung.
TL;DR: In this paper, the simultaneous diffusion of 105Ag and 110Ag in silver single crystals has been measured over the temperature range 640 to 955 °C, and the least squares Arrhenius line is described by D0 = 0.639 ± 0.013 at 937 °C.
Abstract: The simultaneous diffusion of 105Ag and 110Ag in silver single crystals has been measured over the temperature range 640 to 955 °C. The strength of the isotope effect has a constant value of 0.718 ± 0.011 for T < 750 °C, but decreases with further increases in temperature to a value of 0.639 ± 0.013 at 937 °C. This temperature dependence is significant at the 90% confidence level. Although one may explain the observed decrease by the temperature dependence of ΔK, we consider it more likely that the decrease results from the simultaneous operation of vacancy and divacancy mechanisms. At the melting point, the contribution of divacancies is from 11 to 45% of the total self-diffusivity. The diffusion coefficient of 110Ag in Ag single crystals over the same temperature range was also obtained from these experiments. The least squares Arrhenius line is described by D0 = 0.67 cm2/s, Q = (45.2 ± 0.2) kcal/mol ( = (1.97 ± 0.1) eV). The values of D deviate systematically from this line in the manner expected for simultaneous vacancy and divacancy diffusion, although the statistical significance of these deviations is not certain.
Die simultane Diffusion von 105Ag und 110Ag in Silbereinkristallen wurde zwischen 640 und 955 °C gemessen. Der Isotopeneffekt E hat einen konstanten Wert von 0,718 ± 0.011 fur T < 750 °C und nimmt mit wachsender Temperatur bis zu 0,639 ± 0,013 bei 937 °C ab. Diese Temperaturabhangigkeit ist signifikant mit einer Sicherheit von 90%. Obwohl man die beobachtete Anderung von E mit einer Temperaturabhangigkeit von ΔK erklaren kann, halten wir es fur wahrscheinlicher, das die Abnahme von E auf die gleichzeitige Betatigung des Leerstellen- und Doppelleerstellenmechanismus zuruckzufuhren ist. Am Schmelzpunkt betragt der Beitrag der Doppelleerstellen zur gesamten Selbstdiffusion 11 bis 45%. In demselben Temperaturbereich ergibt sich fur den Diffusionskoeffizienten von 110Ag in Silbereinkristallen aus diesen Experimenten eine Arrhenius-Ausgleichsgerade mit D0 = 0,67 cm2/s und Q = (45,2 ± 0,2) kcal/Mol ( = (1,97 ± 0,1) eV). Die systematischen Abweichungen von der Arrheniusgeraden entsprechen den Erwartungen fur gleich-zeitige Leerstellen- und Doppelleerstellendiffusion, die statistische Sicherheit dieser Abweichungen ist jedoch ungeklart.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that Neel walls are stable for all thicknesses; they may be symmetric or asymmetric, depending on film thickness and the magnitude of the field.
Abstract: In Part I [2] it was shown that Bloch walls in thin magnetic films should have a vortex-like asymmetric and largely stray-field-free structure. A rigorous proof of the existence of an analogous asymmetric model for the Neel wall has not yet been given. Therefore, the earlier calculations have been extended in two directions: (i) Bloch walls are calculated also for applied fields. These walls lose the remaining (y) symmetry found in the 180° Bloch walls. The calculations show that their energy increases with increasing applied field. (ii) Neel walls are constructed for the entire interesting range of film thicknesses and applied field values, thus forming a continuous transition from the symmetrical Neel wall at small thicknesses and high fields to the walls with an asymmetric core at large thicknesses and small fields. In fields larger than 0.3 (2 K/Is) only Neel walls are stable for all thicknesses; they may be symmetrical or asymmetric, depending on film thickness and the magnitude of the field. For all walls wall widths are calculated for the purpose of comparison with electron microscope observations.
In Teil I [2] konnte nachgewiesen werden, das die Blochwande in dunnen Schichten eine asymmetrische, wirbelartige und weitgehend streufeldfreie Struktur aufweisen mussen. Dagegen konnte noch nicht endgultig bewiesen werden, das auch ein analoges Modell der Neelwand in der Natur realisiert ist. Dieser Beweis wird durch zwei Erweiterungen der fruheren Rechnungen gefuhrt: I. Blochwande werden auch in angelegten Feldern konstruiert. Diese Wande verlieren die letzte (y-) Symmetrie, die 180° -Blochwande noch aufweisen. Ihre Energie nimmt den Rechnungen zufolge mit zunehmendem Feld zu. 2. Neelwande werden fur den gesamten interessierenden Bereich von Schichtdicken und Feldstarken berechnet, so das sich ein stetiger Ubergang von den symmetrischen Neelwanden bei kleinen Dicken und in grosen Feldern zu den Wanden mit einem asymmetrischen Kern bei grosen Dicken und in kleinen Feldern ergibt. In Feldern groser als 0,3 (2 K/Is) erweisen sich fur alle Dicken Neelwande als stabil, die symmetrisch oder asymmetrisch sein konnen. Fur samtliche Wande werden die Wanddicken zum Zwecke des Vergleichs mit elektronenmikroskopischen Beobachtungen berechnet.
TL;DR: In this paper, the first determination of the acoustical branch throughout the entire Brillouin zone and the first observation of the optical branch were reported, and the latter shows little dispersion throughout the zone, and has an energy of 1125° K (97 meV) at the zone centre.
Abstract: Spin waves in antiferromagnetic α-Fe2O3 have been studied at temperatures of 240 and 290° K by means of inelastic neutron scattering. We report here the first determination of the acoustical branch throughout the entire Brillouin zone and the first observation of the optical branch. The latter shows little dispersion throughout the zone, and has an energy of 1125° K (97 meV) at the zone centre. At the zone boundaries a gap of 20 to 70° K exists between the two branches. Heisenberg interaction parameters Jm defined through a Hamiltonian were obtained through fitting of the data to theoretical expressions for the dispersion relations. The following values were obtained for the first five nearest neighbours: J1 = 6.0 ± 1.6° K, J2 = 1.6 ± 0.6° K, J3 = −29.7 ± ± 2.0° K, J4 = −23.2 ± 1.0° K and J5 = −1.0 ± 1.0° K. Interactions to farther neighbours were found to be weak. Neutron intensity data were partly invoked in obtaining the interaction parameters, as two sets of parameters could fit the energy data almost equally well, but they predicted different relative intensities for the two branches in certain regions of the reciprocal space. All spin waves of energy larger than 80° K, including the entire optical branch, were found to be unaffected by the Morin spin-flip transition at 261° K temperature. The spin-wave data were used to calculate the sublattice magnetization, the Neel and the Curie-Weiss temperatures, the perpendicular susceptibility at low temperatures and the density of spin-wave state spectrum.
[Russian Text Ignored]
TL;DR: In this paper, an exponential optical tail is attributed to the influence of the random force field present in a disordered system and the interband absorption coefficient is calculated for the frequency range, ω, below the threshold value (optical tail).
Abstract: The interband absorption coefficient is calculated for the frequency range, ω, below the threshold value (“optical tail”). The tail is attributed to the influence of the random force field present in a disordered system. Two cases are considered: that of the “smooth” random field possessing a correlation function which is continuous and differentiable as many times as needed and that of the Coulomb field produced, for example, by randomly distributed charged centres. In both cases an exponential optical tail is obtained for a sample which is in a certain sense nearly intrinsic: In α ∼ – (Δ – ħ ω)/ω, where Δ is the band gap that would have been observed without fluctuations of the force field and ω is some characteristic energy. The tail is correlated with the density of states tail but does not reproduce it, the latter being Gaussian in the same energy range. In the most interesting case the formation of an optical tail is due to quantum effects in contrast to the density of states tail which may be obtained in a purely classical approximation as well. In the Coulombic case an explicit form of the dependence of ω on impurity concentration n is obtained ω ∼ n2/5. This seems to be in agreement with the experimental data available.
Der Interband-Absorptionskoeffizient wird fur den Frequenzbereich unterhalb des Schwellwertes (optischer Auslaufer) berechnet. Der Auslaufer wird dem Einflus des „random-force” Feldes, das in fehlgeordneten Systemen vorhanden ist, zugeschrieben. Zwei Falle werden berucksichtigt: der eines „glatten” „Random”-Feldes mit einer Korrelationsfunktion, die kontinuierlich und beliebig oft differenzierbar ist, und der eines Coulombfeldes, das zum Beispiel durch beliebig verteilte geladene Zentren verursacht wird. In beiden Fallen wird ein exponentieller optischer Auslaufer fur eine Probe erhalten, die in einem gewissen Sinne nahezu grundgitterahnlich ist: In α ∼ – (Δ – ħ ω)/ω, wobei Δ die Bandlucke, die ohne Fluktuationen des Kraftfeldes beobachtet werden wurde, und ω eine charakteristische Energie ist. Der Auslaufer ist mit dem Auslaufer der Zustandsdichte verknupft, reproduziert diesen, der in dem gleichen Energiebereich vom Gausstyp ist, jedoch nicht. In dem am meisten interessierenden Fall wird die Bildung eines optischen Auslaufers durch Quanteneffekte verursacht im Gegensatz zum Auslaufer der Zustandsdichte, der auch in der rein klassischen Naherung erhalten wird. Fur den Coulomb-Fall wird eine explizite Form der ω-Abhangigkeit von der Defektkonzentration n zu ω ∼ n2/5 erhalten. Diese scheint mit den erhaltlichen experimentellen Werten ubereinzustimmen.
TL;DR: The crystal structure, the magnetic properties, and the phase relations of cerium-iron compounds have been investigated in this article, where lattice constants are given for CeFe2, α-Ce2Fe17, and β-ce2fe17.
Abstract: The crystal structure, the magnetic properties, and the phase relations of cerium-iron compounds have been investigated. A phase diagram is presented. Lattice constants are given for CeFe2, α-Ce2Fe17, and β-Ce2Fe17. The compound CeFe2 is ferromagnetic with Tc = 230° K. Investigations by means of the Mossbauer effect and bulk magnetization indicate an antiferromagnetic–ferromagnetic transition near 70° K and an antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition close to 270° K for the compound β-Ce2Fe17. The ordering temperatures and saturation moments for the CeFe compounds are compared with magnetic data presented for the isostructural YFe compounds.
Die Kristallstruktur, die magnetischen Eigenschaften und die Phasenbeziehungen von Cerium–Eisen-Legierungen wurden untersucht. Ein Phasendiagramm wird angegeben. Die Gitterkonstanten werden fur CeFe2, α-Ce2Fe17 und β-Ce2Fe17 mitgeteilt. Die Verbindung CeFe2 ist ferromagnetisch mit Tc = 230° K. Untersuchungen mittels Mosbauereffekt und Volumenmagnetisierung zeigen einen antiferromagnetischen–ferromagnetischen Ubergang bei 70° K und einen antiferromagnetischen–paramagnetischen Ubergang bei 270° K fur die Verbindung β-Ce2Fe17. Die Ordnungstemperaturen und Sattigungsmomente fur die CeFe-Verbindungen werden mit magnetischen Daten verglichen, die fur die isostrukturellen YFe-Verbindungen angegeben werden.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory for relaxation strength and relaxation time of the elastic diffusion relaxation is derived, where strain relaxation, stress relaxation, and internal friction are considered, and the interaction between the diffusing particles is taken into account.
Abstract: A theory for relaxation strength and relaxation time of the elastic diffusion relaxation is derived. Strain relaxation, stress relaxation, and internal friction are considered. Interaction between the diffusing particles is taken into account. The behaviour of relaxation strength and relaxation time in the region of a critical point has been discussed. It is shown that at a critical point the static compressibility of the host lattice approaches infinity. Furthermore it is suggested, that the orientation and diffusion relaxation processes may cause strong dispersion and damping of phonons close to the Brillouin zone boundary.
Es wird eine Theorie fur Relaxationsstarke und Relaxationszeit der elastischen Diffusionsrelaxation abgeleitet. Es werden Dehnungsrelaxation, Spannungsrelaxation und innere Reibung behandelt. Wechselwirkung zwischen den diffundierenden Teilchen wird berucksichtigt. Das Verhalten von Relaxationsstarke und Relaxationszeit im Bereich eines kritischen Punktes wird diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, das am kritischen Punkt die statische Kompressibilitat des Wirtsgitters gegen unendlich geht. Weiterhin wird vorgeschlagen, das der Orientierungs- und Diffusions-Relaxationsprozess starke Dispersion und Dampfung fur Phononen nahe der Brillouingrenze verursachen kann.
TL;DR: In this article, the energy band calculations of the solid rare gases Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe and the conduction band density of states of Xe were presented based on the relativistic formulation of the Green's function method.
Abstract: Energy band calculations of the solid rare gases Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe and calculations of the conduction band density of states of Kr and Xe are presented. Except for Ne the calculations are based on the relativistic formulation of the Green's function method. Exciton states of the valence Γ-excitons in Ar, Kr, and Xe have been computed using the pseudopotential formalism of the exciton problem proposed by Hermanson and Phillips and on the basis of the calculated energy bands. The dependence of the exciton binding energies on certain band parameters has been studied. The results are discussed in connection with the optical spectra of the solid rare gases measured by Baldini and the DESY group.
TL;DR: In this article, Trauble et al. showed that the binding energy between flux-lines is estimated from the boundary energy S. This boundary energy and boundary energy between Meissner and normal domains for type I superconductors were determined as a function of χ in the range 0.43 ≦ χ ≦ 0.82, using the models for domain structures of Landau, Lifshits, and Sharvin; S does not vanish for χ = 2−1/2.
Abstract: Mittels der Dekorationstechnik von Trauble und Essmann wurde an Blei-Thallium-Legierungen mit Werten des Ginzburg-Landau-Parameters χ etwas groser als 2−1/2 bei T = 1,2 °K ein Zwischenzustand beobachtet, bei dem Meissner-Bereiche und Shubnikov-Bereiche mit konstanten Gitterparametern nebeneinander vorkommen, was auf eine positive Grenzflachenenergie S ihrer Phasengrenzen schliesen last. Die Grenzflachenenergie S der Phasengrenzen zwischen Meissner- und Shubnikov-Bereichen bzw. normalleitenden Bereichen wurde in Abhangigkeit vom GL-Parameter χ im Bereich 0,43 ≦ χ ≦ 0,82 aus den magnetischen Strukturen des Zwischenzustandes unter Anwendung der Modelle von Landau, Lifshits und Sharvin bestimmt; S verschwindet bei χ = 2−1/2 nicht. Das Auftreten isolierter Shubnikov-Bereiche in dem sie umgebenden feldfreien Meissner-Gebiet wird mit einer noch unbekannten Wechselwirkung zwischen den Fluslinien erklart, die zusammen mit deren besser bekannten abstosenden Wechselwirkung zu einem Gitter mit bestimmtem Gitterparameter fuhren kann. Die Bindungsenergie EB zwischen Fluslinien wird aus der Grenzflachenenergie S abgeschatzt.
For disks of lead-thallium-alloys with Ginzburg-Landau-parameters χ slightly exceeding 2−1/2 observed, by means of the decoration technique of Trauble and Essmann, intermediate state patterns at T = 1.2 °K consisting of Meissner domains and Shubnikov domains with a constant lattice parameter. The coexistence of these domains indicates a positive boundary energy between them. This boundary energy and the boundary energy between Meissner and normal domains for type I superconductors were determined as a function of χ in the range 0.43 ≦ χ ≦0.82, using the models for domain structures of Landau, Lifshits, and Sharvin; S does not vanish for χ = 2−1/2. Shubnikov domains appearing as isolated domains surrounded by field-free material in the Meissner state are explained as a result of a hitherto unknown attractive interaction between flux-lines, which, together with the better known repulsive interaction, leads to a flux-line lattice with definite lattice parameter. The binding energy EB between flux-lines is estimated from the boundary energy S.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electronic band structures of PbS, PbSe, and PbTe have been calculated using the relativistic Green's function method and a good agreement of calculated band separations with results from reflectivity, electroreflectance, and photoemission measurements is achieved.
Abstract: The electronic band structures of PbS, PbSe, and PbTe have been calculated using the relativistic Green's function method. The choice of a relativistic atomic potential for Pb and of nonrelativistic atomic potentials for S, Se, and Te inthe muffin-tin spheres results in similar band models for the lead salts. Thus a nearly uniform interpretation of experimental data for these materials can be presented. A good agreement of calculated band separations with results from reflectivity, electroreflectance, and photoemission measurements is achieved.
Die elektronischen Bandstrukturen von PbS, PbSe und PbTe wurden mit Hilfe der Methode der Greenschen Funktion in ihrer relativistischen Formulierung berechnet. Mit einem relativistischen Atompotential fur Pb und nichtrelativistischen Atompotentialen fur S, Se und Te in den “muffin-tin”-Kugeln ergeben sich fur die drei Bleisalze ahnliche Bandstrukturen. Diese Ergebnisse erlauben eine nahezu einheitliche Interpretation der experimentellen Daten fur diese Substanzen. Dabei ergibt sich eine gute Ubereinstimmung zwischen berechneten Bandabstanden und den Ergebnissen aus Reflexions-, Elektroreflexions- und Photoemissionsmessungen.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the interference of different relaxation channels on the intensity, width, and shape of the lines is considered, and it is shown that the interference plays an essential role in the problem of the classification of the resonant Raman scattering and hot luminescence.
Abstract: For an impurity centre the resonant secondary radiation spectrum, consisting of luminescence, Raman scattering, hot luminescence, and interference terms, is studied at low temperatures using the model of one local or pseudolocal mode, active in the electronic transition and taking into account the change of the equilibrium position and frequency of this mode. It is shown that the latter plays an essential role in the problem of the classification of the resonant Raman scattering and hot luminescence. The anti-Stokes region of the spectrum is analysed in detail for three cases of excitation: monochromatic, “white”, and intermediate excitation. The influence of the interference of different relaxation channels on the intensity, width, and shape of the lines is considered.
[Russian Text Ignored.]
TL;DR: In this article, the Mossbauer effect has been measured on powder samples of the h.p.c. iron nitride ϵ-Fe3.2N at 295 °K.
Abstract: The Mossbauer effect has been measured on powder samples of the h.c.p. iron nitride ϵ-Fe3.2N at 295 °K. The measurements indicate, that there are two kinds of Fe-atoms with different environments in this material. This is in accordance with previous X-ray investigations by which it was found that in ϵ-iron nitrides the N-atoms are highly ordered in such a way that e.g. in ϵ-Fe3.2N the Fe-atoms have either one or two N-atoms within their nearest neighbourhood. Furthermore the average magnetic moment of the Fe-atoms in ϵ-Fe3.2N has been measured to be 1.97 μB. Using this value together with the Mossbauer data the magnetic moments of the Fe-atoms are estimated. The moments obtained are 2.4 μB and 1.9 μB respectively. These values are interpreted by similar considerations by which the magnetic structure of the f.c.c. γ′-iron nitride Fe4N has been explained previously in the literature.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of transmission electron micrographs obtained from the centre and the surface regions shows that the dislocation arrangement in the surface region corresponds to a lower stress than that in the centre.
Abstract: Copper single crystals oriented for single glide were deformed in tension at 78 °K to various resolved shear stresses and were then neutron-irradiated at 4 to 20 °K before stress-removal in order to pin the dislocations in the stress-applied state. A comparison of transmission electron micrographs obtained from the centre and the surface regions shows that, from early stage II onwards, the dislocation arrangement in the surface region corresponds to a lower stress than that in the centre. At the same time the dislocation density is distinctly lower in the surface region than in the interior. Furthermore, X-ray investigations show that during deformation the primary glide plane is bent characteristically near the surface in the direction of the slip vector. Details of these results, which are in good qualitative agreement with flow stress measurements and electron microscope work of Fourie, are discussed and compared with the literature.
TL;DR: In this article, the dislocation structure of high purity molybdenum single crystals after weak tensile deformation at 293 and 493 °K was studied by transmission electron microscopy.
Abstract: The dislocation structure of high purity molybdenum single crystals after weak tensile deformation at 293 and 493 °K is studied by transmission electron microscopy. The transition from parabolic stress—strain behaviour to three-stage hardening which occurs between the considered temperatures is associated with a basic change in the deformation substructure. Crystals deformed at 293 °K contain a uniform distribution of long primary and secondary screw dislocations. On the contrary, the dislocation structure in stage I at 493 °K consists mainly of isolated clusters of primary edge dipoles. It is concluded that the effect of temperature on the mobility of screw dislocations is responsible for the change observed both in work-hardening characteristics and related dislocation structures.
Die Versetzungsstruktur hochreiner Molybdan-Einkristalle nach schwacher Zugverformung bei 293 und 493 °K wurde mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Der sich in diesem Temperaturbereich vollziehende Ubergang von parabolischen Spannungs—Dehnungs-Kurven zur Drei-Bereichs-Verfestigung wird von einer grundlegenden Anderung der Verformungssubstruktur begleitet. Bei 293 °K verformte Kristalle enthalten eine gleichmasige Verteilung langer primarer und sekundarer Schraubenversetzungen. Im Gegensatz dazu besteht die Versetzungsstruktur im Bereich I bei 493 °K hauptsachlich aus voneinander getrennten Nestern primarer Stufenversetzungsdipole. Die Untersuchungen fuhren zu dem Ergebnis, das die beobachteten Veranderungen im Verfestigungsverhalten sowie in den Verformungssubstrukturen durch den Einflus der Temperatur auf die Beweglichkeit der Schraubenversetzungen hervorgerufen werden.
TL;DR: In this paper, the space group of the trigonal phase of the Fe-Cl, Fe-Br, FeI, Co-Cl and Zn-Cl boracites is established as C63v.
Abstract: The space group of the trigonal phase of the Fe-Cl, Fe-Br, Fe-I, Co-Cl, and Zn-Cl boracites is established as C63v. Ferroelectricity is evidenced by domain switching. High coercive fields at room temp. (up to 8000 kV/cm) are found. Polarization-microscopic studies show that the polarization vector is not reversible by 180°, but can jump only from, e.g., [111] to [111], [111], or [111], etc., in accord with crystal-structure and group-theoretical symmetry considerations. Two twinning "laws" are observed: (a) head-head (tail-tail), domains with {110}cub as compn. plane and (b) head-tail domains with {100}cub as compn. plane. The domain structure and the relevant twinning operations are discussed. The onset of ferromagnetism at low temp. in Fe-Cl, Fe-Br, Fe-I, and Co-Cl boracites leads to ferromagnetoelectricity. In the case of Co-Cl boracite, the ferromagnetoelec. point group is m.
TL;DR: In this paper, an effective field model of an amorphous antiferromagnet is developed assuming a distribution of near neighbour distances and hence the distribution of effective field coefficients between interacting atom pairs.
Abstract: An effective field model of an amorphous antiferromagnet is developed assuming a distribution of near neighbour distances and hence a distribution of effective field coefficients between interacting atom pairs. It is shown that such a material is characterized by a symmetrical distribution of the total effective field, which, in the absence of any spin correlation, is approximately Gaussian. The model predicts a precise critical or Neel temperature proportional to the square root of the average number of interacting near neighbours, and an unusual downward curvature of the reciprocal susceptibility variation with decreasing temperature (see Fig. 5 and 6). Two classes of amorphous antiferromagnet are examined: those with and those without magnetically isolated paramagnetic atoms. The limited experimental data support the former class.
Es wird ein Modell des effektiven Feldes eines amorphen Antiferromagneten entwickelt, wobei eine Verteilung der Abstande der nachsten Nachbarn und damit eine Verteilung der effektiven Feldkoeffizienten zwischen wechselwirkenden Atompaaren angenommen wird. Es wird gezeigt, das solches Material durch eine symmetrische Verteilung des totalen effektiven Feldes, das wegen Fehlen irgendeiner Spinkorrelation naherungsweise gaussformig ist, charakterisiert wird. Das Modell sagt eine genaue kritische oder Neel-Temperatur, die proportional zur Quadratwurzel der mittleren Zahl der wechselwirkenden nachsten Nachbarn ist, und eine ungewohnliche, abwarts gerichtete Krummung der reziproken Suszeptibilitatsanderung mit fallender Temperatur voraus. Zwei Klassen amorpher Antiferromagneten werden untersucht; solche mit und solche ohne magnetisch isolierte paramagnetische Atome. Die begrenzten experimentellen Daten unterstutzen den ersten Fall.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was suggested that there is a relationship between the energy of the stacking fault on the prismatic plane and the temperature of the phase transformation h.c.p.
Abstract: The macroscopic C.R.S.S. for prismatic slip in Beryllium is found to increase with increasing temperature in the range −100 to +50 °C while the microyield limit decreases regularly. Slip is initiated on the prism planes from the edge dislocations present in the annealed material. Evidences of a thermally activated locking of screw dislocations are presented. This locking is thought to occur by the usual splitting in the basal plane. The assumption that the a dislocations can also dissociate in the prismatic plane seems necessary to account for the activation of this locking. Possible dissociations in the prismatic plane are proposed; the most probable of them is a a/3 + 2 a/3. It gives a ribbon of stacking fault corresponding to the transformation of two {1010} h.c.p. “flat planes” into two {112} b.c.c. planes. It is suggested that there is a relationship between the energy of the stacking fault on the prismatic plane and the temperature of the phase transformation h.c.p. b.c.c. This relationship permits to account for the relative ease of slip in h.c.p. metals.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the persistent slip bands in fatigue process is discussed, and the overall dislocation structure, typical for the whole volume of fatigued crystals, strongly depends on the degree of difficulty of cross slip.
Abstract: Dislocation structures in CuZn alloy single crystals were examined by means of transmission electron microscopy. The overall dislocation structure, typical for the whole volume of fatigued crystals, strongly depends on the degree of difficulty of cross slip. In crystals with sufficiently easy cross slip the surface extrusions and intrusions were found to be related to the persistent slip band structure, differing from that in the remaining volume, while in crystals with very difficult cross slip no persistent slip bands lying under the surface relief were found. Further, the role of the persistent slip bands in fatigue process is discussed.
Die Versetzungsanordnung in Einkristallen von CuZn-Legierungen wurde mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Die gesamte Versetzungsanordnung, die fur das ganze Volumen der ermudeten Kristalle typisch ist, hangt stark vom Quergleiten ab. Bei Kristallen mit genugend leichtem Quergleiten sind die Extrusionen und Intrusionen mit den persistenten Gleitbandern unterhalb der Oberflache verbunden; die Anordnung der Versetzungen in persistenten Gleitbandern ist von dem ubrigen Volumen verschieden. In Kristallen mit sehr schwierigem Quergleiten wurden dagegen keine persistenten Gleitbander unter dem Oberflachenrelief gefunden. Auserdem wurde die Rolle der persistenten Gleitbander im Ermudungsprozes diskutiert.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of ESR and ENDOR investigations of H centres in KF, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, NaBr, KBr, and RbBr were reported.
Abstract: We report on the results of ESR and ENDOR investigations of H centres in KF, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, NaBr, KBr, and RbBr. New ESR results were obtained for KF, NaBr, and RbCl. The g-factor and the proton hyperfine constant for all mentioned alkali halides have been measured precisely. In addition to the previously published ENDOR results in KCl and RbCl we obtained well resolved ENDOR spectra in NaCl and KBr. All superhyperfine and quadrupole constants known at present for H centres in alkali halides are given and compared.
Wir berichten uber die Ergebnisse von ESR- und ENDOR-Untersuchungen von Hi0-Zentren in KF, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, NaBr, KBr und RbBr. Neue ESR-Ergebnisse bekamen wir in KF, NaBr und RbCl. Der g-Faktor und die Proton-Hyperfeinkonstante wurden in allen erwahnten Alkalihalogeniden genau gemessen. Zusatzlich zu fruher veroffentlichten ENDOR-Ergebnissen in KCl und RbCl erhielten wir gut aufgeloste ENDOR-Spektren in NaCl und KBr. Alle Superhyperfein- und Quadrupolkonstanten, die zur Zeit fur H-Zentren in Alkalihalogeniden bekannt sind, werden angegeben und verglichen.
TL;DR: In this paper, a dumbbell interstitial mechanism was proposed as a likely self-diffusion model for lithium, where the contribution from the tunneling process to the effective energy of self diffusion is of the same order as, or smaller than, the potential barrier to activated motion.
Abstract: The inter-diffusion of Li isotopes in separated 7Li and 6Li metals has been measured in the temperature range 35 to 178° C. The results can be expressed as
where 7D6 denotes the diffusion of 6Li tracer in pure 7Li metal, and vice versa. The 7D6-values exceed 6D7 by about 23% at the melting point and by about 37% at 0.7 Tm (°K). There are indications that the striking isotope effect may be due to tunneling. Tunneling considerations founded on a square barrier approximation suggest a dumbbell interstitial mechanism as a likely self-diffusion model for lithium. According to the calculation for the dumbbell, the contribution from the tunneling process to the effective energy of self-diffusion is of the same order as, or smaller than, than, the potential barrier to activated motion. Without favoring any particular diffusion model, the following expressions can be computed for uncorrelated self-diffusion in isotopically pure lithium metals:
(diffusion coefficients in cm2/S, energies in kcal/mol).
Die Interdiffusion der Li-Isotope in getrennten 7Li- und 6Li-Metallen ist im Temperaturbereich 35 bis 178°C gemessen worden. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich duch
ausdrucken, wobei der erste Ausdruck die Diffusion von 6Li-Tracer in reinem 7Li-Metall bezeichnet, und der zweite diejenige von 7Li in 6Li. Die 7D6-Werte sind beim Schmelzpunkt um ca. 23%, bei 0,7 Tschm um ca. 37% groser als 6D7. Der gros Isotopieefekt konnte mit einem Tunneleffekt verknupft werden. Berechnungen mit der Naherung einer Viereck-Barriere fur das Tunneln geben den „Dumbbell”-Zwischengittermechanismus als wahrscheinliches Modell der Selbstdiffusion an. Der Beitrag dieses Mechanismus zur effektiven Aktivierungsenergie ist von gleicher Grosenordnung oder kleiner als die Potentialbarriere fur aktivierte Sprunge. Ohne Bevorzugung eines besonderen Diffusionsmodells werden die folgenden Ausdrucke fur unkorrelierte Selbstdiffusionskoeffizienten in isotopreinen Li- hergeleitet:
(Diffusionskoeffizienten in cm2/s, Energien in kcal/mol).
TL;DR: In this article, the surface conductivity of p-type Si crystals cleaved in UHV and covered with Cs up to a monolayer was measured and the positions of the Fermi level EF at the surface were calculated.
Abstract: The surface conductivity of p-type Si crystals cleaved in UHV and covered with Cs up to a monolayer was measured. With increasing Cs coverage θ the surface conductivity, Δσ, initially decreases from the value of the clean surface and reaches the minimum at θ = 0.005. After a subsequent increase Δσ remains constant from θ = 0.015 to 0.25 and exhibits a steep increase for further coverage up to θ = 1. From these surface conductivities the positions of the Fermi level EF at the surface are calculated. At the clean surface the intrinsic level Ei lies 0.27 eV above EF and shifts with increasing θ to 0.27 eV below EF at θ = 1. From the dependence of (EF – Ei)s on Cs coverage the distribution of surface states can be calculated since the adsorbed Cs atoms are ionized, giving one electron to a Si surface state. At the clean surface there are two surface state bands, one with donor states 0.31 eV below Ei and a density of 8.5 × 1013 cm−2eV−1, and another one with acceptor states 0.13 eV below Ei, 0.05 eV wide and with a density of 5.7 × 1013 cm−2 eV−1. For each adsorbed Cs atom a new surface acceptor state is created in a band 0.1 eV above Ei and 0.03 eV wide.
An p-leitenden Si-Kristallen, die im UHV gespalten wurden und bis zu einer Monoschicht mit Cs bedeckt waren, wurde die Oberflachenleitfahigkeit gemessen. Mit wachsender Cs-Bedeckung θ nimmt die Oberflachenleitflahigkeit Δs anfanglich vom Wert der reinen Oberflache ab und erreicht bei θ = 0,005 das Minimum. Nach einem darauf folgenden Anstieg bleibt Δs von θ = 0,015 bis 0,25 konstant und zeigt einen steilen Anstieg bei weiterer Bedeckung bis zu θ = 1. Mit diesen Oberflachenleitfahigkeiten wurden die Lagen des Ferminiveaus EF an der Oberflache berechnet. Das Eigenleitungsniveau Ei liegt bei der reinen Oberflache 0,27 eV oberhalb EF und verschiebt sich mit wachsendem θ zu 0,27 eV unterhalb EF bei θ = 1. Aus der Abhangigkeit von (EF – Ei)s von der Cs-Bedeckung kann die Verteilung der Oberflachenzustande berechnet werden, da die adsorbierten Cs-Atome ionisiert sind und je ein Elektron an die Si-Oberflachenzustande abgeben. An der reinen Oberflache existieren zwei Oberflachenzustandsbander, eines mit Donatorzustanden 0,31 eV unterhalb Ei und einer Dichte von 8,5 × 1013 cm−2 eV−1 und ein anderes mit Akzeptorzustanden 0,13 eV unterhalb Ei, 0,05 eV breit und mit einer Dichte von 5,7 × 1013 cm−2 eV−1. Fur jedes adsorbierte Cs-Atom wird ein neuer Akzeptoroberflachenzustand in einem Band 0,1 eV oberhalb Ei und 0,03 eV breit erzeugt.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electronic band structures of four polytypes of silicon carbide (3C, 2H, 4H, 6H) are calculated with the aid of local atomic pseudopotentials for carbon and silicon.
Abstract: The electronic band structures of four polytypes of silicon carbide (3C, 2H, 4H, 6H) are calculated with the aid of local atomic pseudopotentials for carbon and silicon. The same pseudopotentials are used in all four polytypes. A description is given of the basic assumptions in the empirical pseudopotential method. A computer program is used which is able for symmetric k-values to reduce the dimensionality of matrices. The calculated energy band structures are in satisfactory agreement with well-established experimental data.
D ie elektronischen Bandstrukturen von vier Polytypen des Siliziumkarbids(3C, 2H, 4H, 6H) werden mit lokalen atomaren Pseudopotentialen fur Kohlenstoff und Silizium berechnet, die in allen vier Polytypen gleich gewahlt werden. Die Grundlagen und die Anwendungsmoglichkeiten der empirischen Pseudopotentialmethode werden beschrieben. Ein Computerprogramm wird benutzt, in das eine Symmetrisierungsprozedur zur Verringerung der Dimensionalitat der Matrizen bei symmetrischen k-Punkten eingearbeitet ist. Die berechneten Bandstrukturen stimmen mit wohlbekannten experimentellen Daten gut uberein.
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface anisotropy of thin layers of nickel on epitaxial permalloy films has been investigated by stationary spin wave resonances at 17 and 35 GHz.
Abstract: The dynamical pinning induced by thin layers of nickel on epitaxial permalloy films is investigated by stationary spin wave resonances at 17 and 35 GHz. The effective surface anisotropy is determined by comparing the location of resonance peaks for films without layer and for composite films. The high value and the d.c. field dependence of the effective surface anisotropy are attributed to the presence of exchange coupling between the films.
TL;DR: Using free ion orbitals two-body and three-body potentials between nearest and next-nearest neighbours in several alkali halides have been calculated in this paper, without any expansion in power-series of overlap integral S 2.
Abstract: Using free ion orbitals two-body and three-body potentials between nearest and next-nearest neighbours in several alkali halides have been calculated. The two-body potentials have been calculated without any expansion in power-series of overlap integral S. The three-body potentials have been calculated approximately, only terms of the order S2 being retained. The results show that the use of the free ion orbitals leads to somewhat too strong repulsion between the ions.
Mit Wellenfunktionen fur freie Ionen wurden Zwei- und Dreikorperpotentiale zwischen nachsten und ubernachsten Nachbarn in verschiedenen Alkalihalogeniden berechnet. Die Zweikorperpotentiale wurden berechnet ohne Reihenentwicklung nach Potenzen des Uberlappungsintegrals S. Die Dreikorperpotentiale wurden naherungsweise unter Berucksichtigung allein der Terme von der Ordnung S2 berechnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das die Benutzung der Funktionen freier Ionen zu einer etwas zu starken Abstosung zwischen den Ionen fuhrt.