Showing papers in "Communicatio in 1995"
TL;DR: A typical example of such a strategy is situated in the area of family planning, where communication means such as posters, pamphlets, radio, and television attempt to persuade the public to accept birth control methods.
Abstract: SUMMARY The communication media, in the context of development, are generally used to support development initiatives by the dissemination of messages that encourage the public to support development-oriented projects. Although development strategies in developing countries diverge widely, the usual pattern for broadcasting and the press has been predominantly the same: informing the population about projects, illustrating the advantages of these projects, and recommending that they be supported. A typical example of such a strategy is situated in the area of family planning, where communication means such as posters, pamphlets, radio, and television attempt to persuade the public to accept birth control methods. Similar strategies are used in campaigns regarding health and nutrition, agricultural projects, education, and so on. This model sees the communication process mainly as a message going from a sender to a receiver. This hierarchic view on communication can be summarised in Laswell's classic formu...
89 citations
TL;DR: The authors discusses the role of reading within the context of learning through the medium of a second language (L2), and provides an overview of differing perspectives on the reading process in the past three decades of reading research.
Abstract: SUMMARY This article discusses the role of reading within the context of learning through the medium of a second language (L2), and provides an overview of differing perspectives on the reading process in the past three decades of reading research. The purpose of the paper is to provide lecturers at tertiary institutions with some insight into the nature of the reading problems that many of their students experience, and to consider some implications of current interactive models of reading for the problems related to reading and L2 proficiency in an academic context.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that a great deal of accumulated evidence exists that faulty policy in the schools is the chief cause of deficient cultural literacy and, eventually, cultural literacy.
Abstract: SUMMARY Since the end of the Second World War, the growing influence of television and the gradual decline of newspaper readership worldwide have been linked to a continuing lowering in the level of cultural literacy and general knowledge of the general population, and specifically that of adolescents. Various surveys have confirmed that specialisation can also be linked to this phenomenon. Since 1987 the debate about the causes of the decline in acceptable levels of cultural literacy has centred on the study of E D Hirsch who refused to lay the blame for this state only at the door of television, rather suggesting that a great deal of accumulated evidence exists that faulty policy in the schools is the chief cause of deficient literacy and, eventually, cultural literacy. Journalism educators are confronted daily by the reality of unacceptable levels of cultural literacy when it is often expected of them to bring journalism students up to standard, even in postgraduate courses. In this article a brief his...
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a scenario for the evolution of the infrastructure of data transmission available in some African countries through the Internet, which includes the following countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Niger, Senegal and Togo.
Abstract: The Internet is an indispensable tool that African countries may utilise for: regional integration, participation in world activities, and in the process optimise the use of global computerised networking. This article proposes a scenario for the evolution of the infrastructure of data transmission available in some African countries through the Internet. The study includes the following countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Niger, Senegal and Togo.
9 citations
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, la autora pone en duda the posibility existencia of a Carta Internacional como resultado of the inscripcion of los medios de comunicacion in las estructuras politicas, culturales, and sociales of cada pais.
Abstract: En este estudio critico de la educacion en los medios de comunicacion, la autora del articulo pone en duda la posible existencia de una Carta Internacional como resultado de la inscripcion de los medios de comunicacion en las estructuras politicas, culturales y sociales de cada pais. En el articulo, la autora hace enfasis sobre la necesidad de especificar las finalidades y objetivos, a menudo muy diversificados, subyacentes en las diferentes acciones llevadas a cabo en el terreno. La autora termina su articulo enfatizando sobre la urgencia de contar con nuevas investigaciones menos asociadas a visiones negativas de los medios de comunicacion, a teorias conservadoras sobre la infancia y a las teorias del aprendizaje elaboradas en el contexto de sociedades sin tecnologia.
7 citations
TL;DR: The modelo de la sociedad de la informacion afirma que la nueva hege¬ monia de the informacion esta transformando la socia industrial as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: El modelo de la sociedad de la informacion afirma que la nueva hege¬ monia de la informacion esta transformando la sociedad industrial. Sobre este aspecto cabria hacerse las siguienes preguntas ?El cambio mas importante no estaria situado en la integracion cada vez mas marcada de la informacion y comunicacion para el funcionamiento de la economia y sociedad, lo mismo que en la dependencia, de dicha informacion y comunicacion, de las reglas que rigen la sociedad industrial ? ?No se situaria el cambio mas bien en la comercializacion de la informacion, cultura y comunicacion ? El autor del articulo argumenta que en vez de ser una "postsociedad industrial", la que estamos viviendo, nos encontrariamos mas bien en un perodo de transicion que consiste simplemente en el paso de un modo de organizacion industrial a otro modo de organizacion industrial y social, del "fordisme al gatesisme"
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article, auteur tente d'abord de resumer les grands traits d'une situation epistemologiquement delicate a plus d'un titre.
Abstract: L'auteur tente d'abord de resumer les grands traits d'une situation epistemologiquement delicate a plus d'un titre. Cela ne livrera directement pas grand-chose de positif mais a neanmoins son role: il est toujours interessant en effet d'essayer de savoir un peu mieux pouquoi et comment on ne sait pas grand-chose sur un sujet determine. Apres et aussi grâce a cela, nous consacrerons une premiere partie a un rapide panorama des modes de definition de l'information pour essayer ensuite d'examiner les moyens actuels de faire avancer la question.
5 citations
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an articulo analyzes the reception of families living in Tunez during the month of Ramadan, in una categoria of televidentes that, de costumbre, miran programas extranjeros en la television.
Abstract: El autor del articulo se hace preguntas sobre las razones que han incentivado la popularidad de la television de Tunez durante el mes del Ramadan, en una categoria de televidentes que, de costumbre, miran programas extranjeros en la television. Tomando como base el metodo de la observacion participante, el autor del articulo analiza la recepcion activa de las familias cuyos miembros estan clasificados en la categoria de "modernos", y que viven en Tunez. Este cambio en las costumbres del consumo televisivo se explicaria en primer lugar, por la capacidad que tiene la television "local" en hacer participar a los televidentes en los ritos de acercamiento por medio del Ramadan y en segundo lugar, por el apego a los valores comunitarios y lugares sociales que les estan asociados, por parte de los televidentes
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined coverage of the 1987, 1989 and 1994 South African elections in international radio news, particularly Voice of America, Radio Moscow and Channel Africa, and concluded that the dilemmas in reconciling intercultural differences when interpreting news presented by an international medium pointed to the need for an active reading of international news.
Abstract: SUMMARY This article examines coverage of the 1987, 1989 and 1994 South African elections in international radio news, particularly Voice of America, Radio Moscow and Channel Africa. The analysis consists of two parts. The first is a brief statistical analysis to determine the importance of South African elections in international radio news. The second is a textual analysis of news items on the elections in terms of the reform process, protest action, police reaction and diplomatic signalling. Each station produced a distinct image of these events associated with South African elections, coloured by the ideological perspectives of that station. Contrasting and comparing these images reveals the dilemmas in reconciling intercultural differences when interpreting news presented by an international medium. This points to the need for an active reading of international news. As a result of the differences that emerge, this article concludes with a discussion on the problematics of truth and responsibility in...
TL;DR: The authors presenta el resumen de una investigación doctoral sobre la representación televisual de la salud y la enfermedad, demuestra que the television permite la promocion de la medicina y las normas medicales y sociales, favoreciendo al mismo tiempo, un discurso social mas global sobre las relaciones hombre-mujer, las relación de trabajo, o la vida en la sociedad.
Abstract: Este articulo presenta el resumen de una investigacion doctoral sobre la representacion televisual de la salud y la enfermedad. El analisis de los datos (756 horas de television) demuestra que la television permite la promocion de la medicina y las normas medicales y sociales, favoreciendo al mismo tiempo, un discurso social mas global sobre las relaciones hombre-mujer, las relaciones de trabajo, o la vida en la sociedad.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors make an attempt to understand the contributions of three significant twentieth-century thinkers regarding the importance of language to the activity commonly called critique, its ability to reveal the nature of the world being described by it, and the notion that critique, in itself, actually forms solid epistemological ground upon which one may reveal a valid conception of "the world".
Abstract: SUMMARY Discursive and non-discursive events impact simultaneously, and dialectically, on the activity defined as philosophy. The relationship of language to these events, and the activity, has been problematised variously as representing an attempt to dis-close the world to philosophers, and at another extreme, to dis-close it. The role of ‘Enlightenment rationality’ further complicates their projects, as has been acknowledged by the philosophers under discussion. In this paper, an attempt is made to understand the contributions of three significant twentieth-century thinkers regarding the importance of language to the activity commonly called critique, its ability to reveal the nature of the world being described by it, and the notion that critique, in itself, actually forms solid epistemological ground upon which one may reveal a valid conception of ‘the world’. The contributions of Jurgen Habermas, Theodore Adorno and Jacques Derrida to these questions are explored in the discussion below. This articl...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored Nietzsche's critique of modernity by examining his treatment of the problem of truth and his attack on Christian morality, and the relevance of these topics for an understanding of some issues of concern to communication scholars, inter alia within the context of apartheid.
Abstract: SUMMARY This article explores Nietzsche's critique of modernity by examining his treatment of the problem of truth and his attack on Christian morality. The relevance of these topics for an understanding of some issues of concern to communication scholars, inter alia within the context of apartheid, is also considered. In dealing with truth Nietzsche argues that the guiding belief that the (Christian) God is truth and truth therefore divine manifests itself in the ascetic ideal which informs philosophy and science as much as it informs religion. Nietzsche's genealogical analysis of the roots of Christian morality shows how the triumph of slave over master morality changed the entire Western form of life and gave substance to what is known as ‘modernity’. He highlights, in particular, the negative consequences for human life of the unegoistic morality of pity characterising slave morality. In the application of some of Nietzsche's ideas to communication special attention is paid to unquestioned assumptions...
TL;DR: The logica del modelo comercial, en expansion en el mundo, impide el desarrollo of una television publica independiente and sus potencialidades educativas.
Abstract: La expansion de la television comercial en los Estados Unidos se produce al mismo tiempo que el abandono de la nocion de servicio publico y el empobrecimiento de la diversidad en los puntos de vista. Esta expansion corresponde a la disminucion gradual de los contenidos de interes publico, de las emisiones de informacion, de las emisiones educativas para los ninos y el aumento de las emisiones con escenas de violencia. La logica del modelo comercial, en expansion en el mundo, impide el desarrollo de una television publica independiente y sus potencialidades educativas.
TL;DR: The role of organisational communication skills was discussed in this article, and the results of the questionnaire survey were reported on the results from a distance education course in organizational communication skills in South Africa.
Abstract: SUMMARY There is little doubt that social and political changes in the past decade have created a pressing need for communicative competence in the workplace. In 1993 the author conducted a postal questionnaire survey to establish the range of skills required in South African organisations, and the extent to which the various skills are demonstrated by employees. One of the purposes of the questionnaire was to gather information that could be used to develop a distance education course in organisational communication skills. This article begins by discussing the role of organisational communication skills, and then reports on the results of the questionnaire survey.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a result of the evolucion of la educación en los medios de comunicacion, a nivel internacional.
Abstract: Este articulo presenta un resultado de la evolucion de la educacion en los medios de comunicacion, a nivel internacional. El autor distingue dos etapas principales en el desarrollo de los modelos de ensenanza. La primera se caracteriza por un vinculo teorico estrecho entre la educacion en los medios de comunicacion y los principales paradigmas de la investigacion en comunicacion de masa. La segunda etapa se precisa en el momento en que emerge, bajo la influencia de los teoricos britanicos, un acuerdo sobre el marco de referencia teorica general que deberia guiar las practicas de la ensenanza. A la luz de los exitos y dificultades que encuentra la integracion de la educacion en los medios de comunicacion de ciertos paises, el autor trata de identificar las perspectivas de futuro en Quebec.
TL;DR: The authors notar el camino recorrido por el posmodernismo and analiza los indicios de esa lenta transicion, e.g., toco las puertas de la organizacion moderna situada ya frente al modernismo avanzado.
Abstract: El autor del articulo hace notar el camino recorrido por el posmodernismo y analiza los indicios de esa lenta transicion. El posmodernismo progreso a un ritmo importante en los ambitos creativos (por ejemplo, la arquitectura) y se introdujo en la cultura occidental sin lograr imponerse completamente. Igualmente toco las puertas de la organizacion moderna situada ya frente al modernismo avanzado. El autor analiza en este articulo, el encuentro de esos dos mundos.
TL;DR: In this paper, the South African paradigm shifts and the communications revolution are discussed, and the authors present a survey of the changes in South African communications and their impact on South African society.
Abstract: (1995). South African paradigm shifts and the communications revolution. Communicatio: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 67-71.
TL;DR: This paper defined the theoretical framework within which stereotypes operate as a meaning-creating code in the advertisements of an Afrikaans daily newspaper at the end of 1993 after it had been announced that South Africa was on its way to its first democratic election.
Abstract: SUMMARY At this point in South Africa's history, the target market at which South African newspaper advertisements are directed consists of consumers from differing cultural backgrounds speaking different languages. In an attempt to optimise the effect of advertisements within a particular society, advertisers exploit the existing stereotypes which operate within that society. The dilemma of the South African advertiser lies in the fact that the traditional apartheid parameter of colour no longer exists, but certain social variables (for example interests, gender, social status, educational level) can determine certain linguistic choices. This article attempts broadly to define the theoretical framework within which stereotypes operate as a meaning-creating code in the advertisements of an Afrikaans daily newspaper at the end of 1993 after it had been announced that South Africa was on its way to its first democratic election. The assumption is that the stereotypes which are exploited in advertisements mi...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored intrapersonal communication within the context of concentration meditation, because the latter creates a consciousness of unknown and non-conscious aspects of the self.
Abstract: SUMMARY Intrapersonal communication is to a large extent neglected by communication researchers as it is difficult to identify its role in for example interpersonal communication. It does, however, have important implications for interpersonal communication specifically. In this article intrapersonal communication is explored within the context of concentration meditation, because the latter creates a consciousness of unknown and non-conscious aspects of the self which leads to personal insights and stimulates intrapersonal communication and introspection. The school of thought that is postulated in this article is that intrapersonal communication is a fully fledged communication level and represents a process during which an individual is in interaction with him/herself. The individual is simultaneously object and subject, sender and receiver, and such internal dialogue leads to exploration, processing and understanding of both conscious and non-conscious aspects of the self. This can be of great value t...
TL;DR: In this article, the author concurs with the former editor of The Star, Harvey Tyson, that apartheid destroyed press freedom in South Africa and that this happened because of the steady erosion of communication-related and other human rights.
Abstract: SUMMARY Apartheid destroyed press freedom in South Africa, says Harvey Tyson, ex-editor of The Star, for many years South Africa's largest daily newspaper. While the government did not succeed in subjugating the press, very little press freedom remained when apartheid was finally declared obsolete in February 1990 by the then State President, F W de Klerk. In this article, the author concurs with Tyson, saying that this happened because of the steady erosion of communication-related and other human rights. By comparing government actions and legislation against the press with the human rights provided for in the West's classical sources, he attempts to show how press freedom (as a public right) as well as the journalist's ability to protect this freedom, were steadily eroded in the apartheid years. South Africa was steadily transformed into a society in which administrative and legal action taken against the press and to the detriment of the public bore very little resemblance to those Western societies i...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the third culture building theory provides a holistic framework for the consolidation of existing intercultural communication theory and argue that intercultural communications in South African organisations are impeded by cultural and racial prejudices from the apartheid era.
Abstract: SUMMARY This article argues that ‘third culture building theory’ provides a holistic framework for the consolidation of existing intercultural communication theory. The discussion is based on the research problem that intercultural communication in South African organisations is impeded by cultural and racial prejudices from the apartheid era. The cabin crew of a South African airline are used as the study group. Assumptions about intercultural aspects in the channels of communication to which they are accustomed in the execution of their duties are projected. The theoretical groundwork is laid by discussing the concept of culture, organisations as cultures, and ‘third culture building’ as the holistic ideal in the increasingly diverse workplace. An intercultural communication survey of the study group in which the assumptions are tested is described. Conclusions are drawn and a brief plan of action for the instituition of a ‘third culture’ is recommended.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors illustrate the extent to which continuing education can be applied as a public relations instrument in alumni relations and suggest that continuing educational programs aimed at alumni are ideal public relations instruments for supplementing existing programs.
Abstract: SUMMARY The object of this article is to illustrate the extent to which continuing education can be applied as a public relations instrument in alumni relations. Alumni as a prime target group in any university's public relations programme can exert an influence on the university. Apart from their own direct involvement in the canvassing of funds and students, alumni can also exert a meaningful influence in the interest of the university as opinion leaders and decision-makers within the community. In carrying out a public relations programme, the public relations instruments must be made available to the university in such a way that alumni may be reached to best advantage. The connection between alumni and their university must be strengthened by involving them substantially in the prime concern of the institution – namely education. In the article, it is suggested that continuing educational programmes aimed at alumni are ideal public relations instruments for supplementing existing programmes.