Abstract: Recent excitement in the fields of population genetics, evolutionary genetics, and systematics has centered on results obtained with several techniques borrowed from the repertoire of the biochemist and the molecular biologist. The techniques make it possible to study genetic variation and the similarities and differences among organisms at the level of their enzymes or other proteins and their DNA's. The most widely used technique is gel electrophoresis which has shown that the primary amino acid structure of most proteins varies among individuals, even those from the same population. The variation can be directly equated with genetic differences. This permits a characterization, for the first time at the molecular level, of the amounts and types of genetic variability in populations of practically any organism and an estimate of the extent of genetic divergence among closely related species. The second technique involves the determination of the amino acid sequence of proteins having the same functional activity in different organisms. The information is used to study the phylogenetic relationships of the organisms from which the sequences have been made on the assumption that the greater the time since two organisms had a common ancestor, the greater the number of differences in the amino acid sequence of their proteins. The method has also led to studies of various biochemical constraints on nucleotide changes and to studies of how protein divergence occurs. The third technique is the comparison of DNA base sequences by hybridization studies. It too is beginning to yield important data on relatedness and divergence among organisms. The present article is designed as an introduction to the use of gel electrophoresis to solve problems of evolution. The use of the other two echniques has been discussed elsewhere (Hoyer, et al., 1964; Britten and Kohne, 1968; Nolan and Margoliash, 1968; Bendich and McCarthy, 1970; Fitch and Margoliash, 1970).

Abstract: Because of dwindling supplies, a constant flow of live frogs to the laboratory may soon be impossible. But more important, during recent years there has also been a steady decline in the quality of life represented by a "live" frog. We have found that, in spite of special precautions related to the selection of conscientious suppliers and the means of shipment, it is commonplace for most of the frogs in routine shipments to be in extremely poor health. The shipments are also frequently mixtures of frogs from many geographic origins. If this situation is widespread, and we believe it is, then the averaging of experimental results or pooling of tissue samples must give us values somehow representative of nonexistent chimeras suffering from apparently unexplained seasonal variations in the frequency of paroxysmal systemic disorders! The "frog farmer" is not entirely responsible for this situation. It is an extremely complex matrix of causes and effects from which one can draw two useful generalizations. First, the frog is a victim, as are many other wild creatures, of man's overpopulation, pollution, and economic progress. Second, we as scientists have failed to take the time to understand an animal which is not only extremely important to our individual studies but is also an important predator and regulator in the ecosphere. Our programs in physiology (Gibbs, 1964;

Abstract: The grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, is an intelligent, extremely efficient omnivore and a relatively inefficient carnivore. This large bear feeds on grasses, sedges, tubers, berries, nuts, carrion, meat caches, rodents, big game, livestock, garbage, and even modem packaged foods. The propensity to seek and utilize a wide range of edibles has brought the grizzly into frequent contact with man. This ecological relationship of the omnivorous grizzly associating with omnivorous man and the predatory bear competing with the predatory human has led and will continue to lead to confrontations, property damage, and occasional conflict and injury. The grizzly has a long history of seeking and taking the food it wants with little opposition. The erratic, aggressive, and frequently unpredictable behavior of both grizzly and man increases the probability of conflict. The opportunity for confrontation and for injury to humans is small, but it is greater in national parks than elsewhere. To understand grizzly bear-man relationships in Yellowstone National Park, we must first recognize that the ecology of bear and man has always overlapped. Within recent geological time, wherever the species existed, the grizzly bear was at or near the top of the North American food pyramid. The North American Indian and the grizzly bear coexisted in a spacious environment. Two questions we wish to explore are can the grizzly bear and modern man co-exist in the congested environments of our large national parks? Specifically, can man and grizzly live together in Yellowstone? Secondly, if they can co-exist, how should man achieve this? Both questions require more than theoretical or philosophical answers, ethological extrapolation, administrative decrees, or generalized guidelines. We, our colleagues, and our graduate students sought to answer these questions 12 years ago when we began a long-term study of the grizzly bear within the 19,943 km2 (7700 miles2) National Park and adjacent national forests (Craighead et al., 1960). Since 1959, we have captured, examined, and released over 550 grizzlies, immobilized and individually color-marked 256 and logged over 40,000 man-hours observing and recording their activities and behavior. In addition, 24 individual grizzlies have been fitted with radios and radio-monitored for approximately 30,000 hours in order to obtain data on movements, home ranges, food habits, social and denning behavior, and an understanding of bear-man relationships (Craighead and Craighead, 1965, 1969, 1970).

Abstract: One of the means devised by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) for denying the FNL its forest cover and sanctuary has been to defoliate the forest via the aerial application of herbicidal chemicals (Fair, 1963; Minarik, 1968; McConnell, 1970; Westing, 1971b). The purpose of this report is to estimate the magnitude of this operation and its impact on the regional ecology. The material to be presented is based on the open literature, on discussions with eye witnesses, and on two brief visits to the area (December 1969 and August 1970). The only previously published first-hand reports by biologists are by Tschirley (1969), Orians and Pfeiffer (1970), and Westing et al. (1970). The information is severely limited by restrictions on travel in the affected regions, by a lack of military operations records and/or access to them, and by a general paucity of tropical ecological experience, particularly as it relates to herbicides.

Abstract: At a time when organic chemists can determine the structure of a complicated molecule in a matter of days or weeks, and X-ray crystallographers can deduce the atomic structure of a protein in a year, it would appear strange that the arrangement of lipids and proteins in membranes should still remain a topic for lively debate. The slow progress which has been made in elucidating the structure of membranes has not been

Abstract: the field. In the greenhouse, many species continuously sporulate all year, e.g., Anemia; 4) ease of microscopic observations: gametophytes are only one, or a few, cell layers thick, and readily cleared with aqueous chloral hydrate (5:8) after which only nuclei and cell walls are visible under phase contrast; 5) very rapid growth and differentiation compared with other photosynthetic eukaryotes; 6) ease of control of growth form; This includes:

Abstract: Public concern about the deterioration of surface water quality in many areas or presence of nitrate in ground water in many others has focused attention on the runoff and deep percolation of commercial fertilizers as possible contributors. This concern has resulted in the introduction of legislation in some states to regulate farm use of fertilizers and the suggestion by some ecologists that chemical nitrogen fertilizers be totally banned (Viets, 1970). This paper is an attempt to supply facts as an agronomist sees them. The conclusion that fertilizers contribute significantly to water pollution and should be regulated apparently stems from two sets of facts: (1) the importance of N and P to eutrophication and of nitrate to health, and (2) the phenomenal increase in N and P use in fer-

Abstract: Description of a feasibility experiment recently performed to test the use of a satellite system for telemetering environmental and physiological data from the winter den of a 'hibernating' black bear, Ursus americanus. The instrumentation procedure and evaluations of the equipment performance and sensory data obtained are discussed in detail.

Abstract: Among the few species of passerine birds breeding at high latitudes, and resident there only in summer, the Lapland longspur is of particular interest and importance. Not only is this species able to complete both breeding and molt in the relatively brief span of the arctic summer, even at latitudes above 75* N, but it does this so effectively on a population-wide basis that, coupled with a marked lability in habitat selection and small territory size, extraordinarily high densities are achieved. Consequently, the Lapland longspur is probably the most characteristic nonaquatic circumpolar vertebrate animal in the Arctic. The circumpolar breeding range of this species is equaled by few other birds, and the generally consistent high density over such a vast area is probably unequaled (Williamson, 1968). This paper compares data on population density and the timing and synchrony of the events in the breeding and molt cycles of the Lapland longspur population on Amchitka Island (510 5'N), with similar data collected during earlier studies of Lapland longspur populations at Cape Thompson (68 6'N) (Williamson et al., 1966) and Barrow, Alaska (71021'N) (Custer'; Pitelka, 1954). Amchitka and neighboring Amatignak Island probably represent the extreme southern limit of the breeding range of the species and, in contrast to the high arctic character of Barrow and Cape Thompson, these islands have a long frost-free season and relatively mild summer weather. For example, the mean daily range of temperature on Amchitka is 4C or less in all months of the year, and the mean annual range is only 9C. The mean daily minimum temperature is above freezing for 8-9 months of the year, and the mean daily maximum temperature is 4C or above from April through November. Not until December does the mean daily minimum temperature drop below freezing. Snow is virtually absent from the lower portions of the island (i.e., the areas occupied by longspurs) from 1 May into November (Armstrong, 1971). The best available records for the Cape Thompson area are those taken at Kotzebue (Allen and Weedfall, 1966). In contrast to Amchitka, the mean daily Prepared under Contract AT(26-1)-171 with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.

Abstract: Early genetic research in ferns was concerned primarily with documenting hybridization and various aspects of Mendelism (see review by AnderssonKotto, 1938). These early workers utilized the "sports" of the Victorian era as a source of mutants for genetic study. The most frequently studied taxa were the various sporophyte mutants in Polystichum angulare and Phyllitis scolopendrium. The studies utilized the freeliving homothallic gametophyte generation to document reductional cell divi-

Abstract: In addition to hand collection (usually involving scuba) and rotenone, other sampling gear used to survey marine fish communities included: surface and bottom gill nets, surface and bottom longlines, shrimp traps, crab traps, amphipod traps, hook and line, minnow traps, plankton nets, fyke nets, and otter trawls. The use of different sampling gears and methods resulted in an artificial depth separation of samples collected near shore ( 37 m). A 90-ft (27-m) vessel was used for work offshore, and small skiffs and scuba were used for nearshore investigations. Much of the work was exploratory and experimental, and more efficient methods are being developed. The bottom gill net and longline were the most productive near shore, and the bottom trawl, surface salmon gill net, and salmon longline were most productive offshore.

Abstract: National Park. The preservation of a representative grizzly population is integral to the park's basic purpose. This is to preserve natural environments and native biota as an integrated whole (i.e., ecosystem) for their scenic, educational, cultural, and scientific values. This paper presents general information on bear numbers, increases in park visitors, the extent of human developments (campgrounds, etc.), and garbage disposal facilities within Yellowstone Park. Data are also presented on grizzly relationships to developments, garbage disposal sites, humans, and the results of management. Conclusions are made on conditions which favored the preservation of a grizzly population, the desirability of eliminating artificial food sources, the effects of repeated transplants of bears, and management actions which could reduce the opportunities for injuries to humans and the need to control bears.

Abstract: The injuries to plants caused by ozone and sulfur dioxide are discussed. The movements of a toxic air pollutant (ozone is used as an example) are described using algebraic equations. The transfer of pollutants to forest canopies is also discussed. The role of plants as air pollution control devices is also discussed. 23 references, 5 figures.

Abstract: This paper is concerned primarily with 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and picloram-the phenoxies because of widespread use; picloram, 2,4,5-T, and 2,4-D more specifically because of their use as military defoliants. The purpose of this discussion is to explore possible public health consequences of widespread use. This presentation will be confined primarily to information as it Table 1 shows a condensed version of tolerances proposed for 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA, silvex, and picloram. Those marked with an asterisk are for tolerances at a permissible level for 2,4-D in rice and flax seed and for picloram in forage grasses and meat. The remainder are negligible residue tolerances. Table 2 demonstrates the infrequency of residues of phenoxy herbi-

Abstract: Significant human influences on plants in the human environment probably began to be felt even before Homo sapiens came to be the sole representative of his genus and, whatever conservation idealists may wish to believe, they were certainly being felt in the earliest days of our species. Nevertheless, the record, if we should ever be able to get hold of it, might be difficult to interpret because of conflicting tendencies. If Paul Martin and others are right (e.g., P. S. Martin, 1970; P. S. Martin & Wright, 1967), early man was a successful exterminator of some of the larger herbivores, thereby reducing grazing pressure and permitting more woody growth in the grasslands. On the other hand, by promoting fires, he may have tended to reduce woody growth and promote grassland expansion. Consequently, we can hope to see a clear human influence on plants only after man became an agriculturist. Agriculture implies (a) the domestication of certain plants and, associated with this (b) the creation of a class of plants which we call weeds, together with (c) interference with natural vegetation as a result of making room for crops to be grown and from the grazing of domesticated animals Road-building, urban developments and other engineering activities have also had their effects.

Abstract: public issues in the United States. Two key conditions appear to have been instrumental in making population size a focus of public attention in this brief period of time. First, for several years a substantial proportion of Americans apparently had not possessed attitudes favorable to continued domestic population increase.' Second, the existence of a number of outspoken public figures and scientists advocating population control as a necessary condition for avoiding ecological disaster both permitted and precipitated the coalescence of these individual, private attitudes into a public concern with population growth. This awakening to the question of a population problem in the United States was and is reflected in the formation and development of Zero Population Growth, Inc., the only organization focusing on population control in the United States which is openly involved in political action. The organization, typically known as ZPG, was incorporated in Connecticut on 9 December 1968. Its first President-elected at the

Abstract: largely as a conventional floristic work, albeit of continental scope. The role of the computer as envisioned initially was to be quite peripheral. The role of the computer as now envisioned will be central, fundamental, and very farreaching. We are in a computer age. To attempt now to prepare a Flora on the scale of the proposed Flora North America without the integral use of the computer surely would be tantamount to attempting systematic research without the microscope. Gradually, we have evolved an information system concept of Flora North America which will bring about a radical new approach to the organization and communciation of floristic and taxonomic data-an approach based squarely on modern electronic data processing concepts and methods. Numerical taxonomy has brought the computer to the aid of the taxonomist as a tool for statistical computation and correlation and for analyzing group structure and relationships. It remains for a project such as Flora North America to promote the use of the computer in storing and retrieving the mass of information with which the taxonomist

Abstract: natural. This attitude is due, in part, to a belief that primitive man lived in harmony with nature, a harmony that has been lost by modern society. Both Christianity (White, 1967) and Christianity coupled with technology (Roszak, 1969) have been blamed for this loss of harmony with nature. Yi-Fu Tuan (1970) and Richard Wright (1970) have disputed this belief by showing that Christians are not alone in their

Abstract: Currently, one of the most perplexing problems facing those interested in developmental, phenomena is to understand how control of differentiation is exerted in complex, multicellular organisms. The experimental evidence accumulated in recent years bearing on this problem convincingly demonstrates that cell differentiation proceeds directly as a result of the regulation of gene activity. Much attention has been directed toward understanding how this regulation functions and the evidence favors control through the selective activation of portions of a totally repressed genome rather than by the repression of a totally activated genome. Therefore, for each phase during differentiation a certain set of genes may be active in transcription while other genes are inactive. In this way, one can very generally visualize genes being "turned on" and "turned off" as differentiation progresses.

Abstract: The program of the Amphibian Facility of The University of Michigan has been described in the reports listed in the bibliography. Nace (1968) contains an overall description; the other papers cited describe specific features. Nace (1970) reproduces the information forms which record data on demography, genetics, and pathology of the animals in the Amphibian Facility. It also includes tabular information on the

Abstract: Earth-oriented satellite technology provides new opportunities to delve more effectively and more deeply than previously possible into some aspects of the behavior, physiology, and ecology of free-roaming animals in their natural ecosystems, especially in remote areas. These opportunities come at a time when an urgent need exists for accurate information about the migratory patterns of endangered species of whales; the movements and habits of polar bears throughout the Arctic; migrations of caribou in regions of projected oil pipelines; the migratory behavior and island-finding system in commercially important species of large sea turtles; the relationships of African elephants and plains game to changes in vegetation induced by subsistence cultivation, new fire regimes, and overgrazing by domestic livestock; and similar problems affecting the future of the total world ecosystem. Investigations along these lines are now feasible; and with miniaturization and new systems concepts for reducing power requirements, ultralightweight instrument packages for tracking migrating birds, even small ones, by satellite may soon become a reality. The capabilities of existing satellite systems and some applications in biological research are considered in the present paper.