A controlled quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol is proposed with a quantum one-time pad based on five-particle cluster state. Photon 4 in each five-particle cluster state is sent to the controller as permission. Unitary operation I (U) on photon 4 according to identity-string of the receiver is used to forbid the controller to deduce secret message. The classical XOR operation serving as a one-time-pad is used to forbid external eavesdroppers to eavesdrop. Eavesdropping detection and identity authentication are implemented by previously shared reusable base identity-strings. In one transmission, one qubit of each five-particle cluster state is used as controller’s permission, and two qubits are used to transmit two classical bit information.

Controlled quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol based on five-particle cluster state and quantum one-time pad

A quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol is proposed by using single photons. An information transmission is completed by sending photons once in quantum channel, which improves the efficiency without losing the security. The protocol encodes identity-string of the receiver as single photons sequence, which acts as detection sequence and implements authentication. Before secret message is encoded as single photons sequence, it is encrypted with identity-string of the sender by using XOR operation, which defends quantum teleportation attack efficiently. The base identity-strings of the sender and the receiver are reused unconditionally secure even in noisy channel. Compared with the protocol proposed by Wang et al. (Phys Lett A, 2006, 358: 256–258), the protocol in this study sends photons once in one transmission and defends most attacks including ‘man-in-the-middle’ attack and quantum teleportation attack efficiently.

Quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol with single photons

In today Internet era, confidential information transmitted over an insecure channel. With the significant development in the area of quantum computing, there is a need for unconditional security in confidential information. Quantum key distribution protocols are proven secure if all devices are perfect (in terms of technologies and proper protocol operations). The major challenges in quantum communication are secret key rate, distance, cost and size of QKD devices. The purpose of this survey article is to carry out a systematic review in the area of quantum cryptography by covering various aspects of non-deterministic quantum key distribution protocols, quantum secure direct communication, semi-quantum key distribution, secure multiparty communication protocol, post-quantum cryptography and device-independent cryptography techniques. In addition, we also discussed various experimental work carried out in the area of quantum cryptography, various attacks and challenges relative to the paradigm shift from classical cryptography to quantum cryptography. Quantum cryptography will become a future replacement of classical cryptography techniques after the development of the first physical quantum computer.

State-of-the-Art Survey of Quantum Cryptography

Identity theft is the most recurrent twenty-first century cybercrime. Thus, authentication is of utmost significance as the number of hackers who seek to intrigue into legitimate user’s account to obtain sensitive information is increasing. Identity based authentication operates to corroborate the identity of the user so that only the legitimate user gets access to the service. This paper proposes a quantum identity based authentication and key agreement scheme for cloud server architecture. Quantum cryptography based on the laws of quantum physics is a vital technology for securing privacy and confidentiality in the field of network security. A formal security analysis has been performed using AVISPA tool that confirms the security of the proposed scheme. The security analysis of the proposed protocol proves that it is robust against all security attacks. To confirm applicability of quantum key distribution in cloud computing, a practical long-distance entanglement-based QKD experiment has been proposed. This experiment confirms successful generation of shifted keys over distance of 100 km of optical fiber with a key rate of 4.11 bit/s and an error rate of 9.21 %.

Identity based secure authentication scheme based on quantum key distribution for cloud computing

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is one of the most important branches of quantum communication. In contrast to the quantum key distribution (QKD) which distributes a secure key between distant parties, QSDC directly transmits secret message instead of sharing key in advance. To establish a secure QSDC protocol, on the one hand, the security of the quantum channel should be confirmed before the exchange of the secret message. On the other hand, the quantum state should be transmitted in a quantum data block since the security of QSDC is based on the error rate analysis in the theories on statistics. Compared with the deterministic quantum key distribution (DQKD) which can also be used to transmit deterministic information, QSDC schemes do not need extra classical bits to read the secret message except for public discussion. In this article, we introduce the basic principles of QSDC and review the development in this field by introducing typical QSDC protocols chronologically. The first QSDC protocol was proposed by Long and Liu, which can be used to establish a common key between distant parties. In their scheme, the method for transmitting quantum states in a block by block way and in multiple steps was proposed and the information leakage before eavesdropping detection was solved. Subsequently, Deng et al. presented two pioneering QSDC schemes, an entangled-state-based two-step QSDC scheme and a single-photon-state-based quantum one-time pad scheme, in which the basic principle and criteria for QSDC were pointed out. From then on, many interesting QSDC schemes have been proposed, including the high-dimension QSDC scheme based on quantum superdense coding, multi-step QSDC scheme based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, QSDC scheme based on quantum encryption with practical non-maximally entangled quantum channel, and so on. We also introduce the anti-noise QSDC schemes which were designed for coping with the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. In 2011, Wang et al. presented the first QSDC which exploited the hyperentangled state as the information carrier and several QSDC schemes based on the spatial degree of freedom (DOF) of photon, single-photon multi-DOF state and hyperentanglement were proposed subsequently. In addition to the point-to-point QSDC schemes, we also review the QSDC networks. Finally, a perspective of QSDC research is given in the last section.

Quantum secure direct communication

A new quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is proposed based on polarized photons and EPR pairs. EPR pairs are used to transmit information, while polarized photons are used to detect Eve and their encoding bases are used to transmit authentication information. Alice and Bob have their own identity number which is shared by legal users only. The identity number is encoded on the bases of polarized photons and distilled if there is no Eve. Compared with other QSDC schemes with authentication, this new scheme is considerably easier and less expensive to implement in a practical setting.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0256-307X/27/5/050306/pdf

A New Quantum Secure Direct Communication Scheme with Authentication

One-way deterministic secure quantum communication protocol based on single photons is proposed in this paper, in which the XOR operation by bits of the information sequence and random sequence is performed and the checking sequence is inserted before the sender’s coding operation. When the photons arrive at the receiver, they are delayed at the receiver, and the sender then publishes the coding basis, so the photons can be measured in the correct basis. Then the two parties estimate the security of the quantum channel by the checking bits. When the channel is secure the sender publishes the random bits where the receiver has results, and the information sequence can be recovered by the receiver. Even the channel is not secure, what the eavesdropper gets is the random sending sequence, the information sequence is still secure. This protocol has the advantages of higher transmission efficiency and easier implementation compared with the two-way communication.

One-way deterministic secure quantum communication protocol based on single photons

A scheme of long-distance quantum communication system based on entangled photon pairs is presented,which utilize entanglement as its essential resource.This entanglement enables phenomena such as quantum teleportation and perfectly secure quantum communication.The quantum repeater extends the length of the entangled photon pairs with high fidelity,the entanglement of photons between sender and receiver is built by entanglement swapping and entanglement purification.The quantum information is transferred by the principle of quantum teleportation.Performance analysis results show that the throughput quantum communication system of increases greatly with higher probabilities with which entanglement is built between sender's photons and receiver's photons.The transmitting distance of the quantum signal was determined by the series of the quantum repeater nodes.

A Quantum Repeater Communication System Based on Entanglement

A new eavesdropping strategy for BB84 quantum key distribution protocol is proposed This scheme is a new kind of intercept/resend strategy based on Breidbart basis Under this scheme, eavesdropper can not only exactly obtain the exchanged information between legitimate users but also decrease the probability of being detected

A new attack strategy for BB84 protocol based on, Breidbart basis

We study the photodarkening effect in a double clad ytterbium-doped silica fiber fabricated by modified chemical vapor deposition and solution doping. A common measurement technology for photodarkening is used to study the photodarkening-induced absorption spectra. We present a fast and simple method to observe the PD effect by measurement of the fluorescence spectra. The method proposed here can be used to observe the influence for a short time, and thus reduces the requirements of system stability and heat management. It is obtained that under the condition of 45.5% Yb ion inversion level, photodarkening-induced excessive loss at an equilibrium state is above 4.5dB/m and florescence intensity degradation is above 10% after 500min pumping at 1041 nm for the home-made normal Yb/Al co-doped silica fiber.

Photodarkening-Induced Absorption and Fluorescence Changes in Yb Fibers

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