The composition of an electrically conductive mixture, preferably a mixture of gasoline and alcohol, is measured using a single measurement cell having a first electrode and a second electrode with a measurement space therebetween for receiving a specimen of the mixture. With a specimen of the mixture in the measurement space, the first electrode is alternatively connected to a reference discharge voltage, preferably ground, and to a feedback control voltage. A first operational state encompasses the period when the first electrode is connected to the reference discharge voltage and a second operational state encompasses the period when the first electrode is connected to the feedback control voltage. A first operational state peak voltage is measured during the first operational state, and a peak second operational state voltage is measured during the second operational state. The first operational state voltage and a preselected constant proper fraction of the peak second operational state voltage are mathematically combined to obtain a voltage output, which may be correlated to the composition of the mixture. The voltage output is also used as the feedback control voltage, to produce a linear signal output as a function of dielectric constant of the conductive mixture.

Dielectric mixture composition linear sensor with compensation for mixture electrical conductivity

A circuit for measuring distances and which has at least two inputs ( 1, 2 ), at least one measuring coil ( 3 ), and at least one signal source, wherein at least two input signals (e pos , e neg ) are generated by means of the signal source, and the inputs ( 1, 2 ) are activatable by means of the input signals (e pos , e neg ). The input signals (e pos , e neg ) are applied, preferably preprocessed, to the inputs of the measuring coil ( 3 ). The circuit is designed for use where little space is available for the circuit, with the input signals (e pos , e neg ) being applied to a preferably timed SC network, which generates a measuring output signal that is dependent on temperature. A corresponding method is also described.

Circuit and method for measuring distances

A power switch includes a first power transistor having a first source electrode, a first gate electrode, and a first drain electrode, and a second power transistor having a second source electrode, a second gate electrode, and a second drain electrode. The power switch further includes a first pilot transistor has a third source electrode, a third gate electrode, and a third drain electrode. The first, second and third drain electrodes are electrically connected together. The first and second source electrodes are electrically connected together. The first and third gate electrodes are electrically connected together and can be biased independently from the second gate electrode. The first power transistor is the same size as or smaller than the second power transistor and the first power transistor is larger than the first pilot transistor. The first power transistor, the second power transistor, and the first pilot transistor are monolithically integrated in an integrated circuit.

Monolithic low impedance dual gate current sense MOSFET

A first-principles theoretical investigation of the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of cubic thorium carbonitrides ThCxN(1-x)

In a peak-hold circuit, a hold capacitor captures the peak value of an input signal and a reset section carries out a resetting operation on the holding value of the hold capacitor when, upon switching inputs, it receives a reset signal. The reset section, upon receipt of the reset signal, improves the response speed of a peak-hold section by a predetermined time period. The reset section is provided with a constant current circuit and a switching circuit for respectively increasing a charging current and a discharging current of the peak-hold section.

Peak-hold circuit and an infrared communication device provided with such a circuit

A sensor drive circuit which accurately detects the amount of variation in inductance of a coil serving as a variable sensor. A peak detector circuit detects a peak value of a difference signal between a variable-amplitude signal and an intermediate signal to output a peak detection signal as a verification signal to a first input of an error amplifier. The error amplifier has a second input receiving a reference voltage and outputs a control signal to an AGC circuit on the basis of the result of comparison between the peak detection signal and the reference voltage. A peak detector circuit detects a peak value of a difference signal between the variable-amplitude signal and an inverted variable-amplitude signal to output the peak value as an inductance detection signal to the exterior. The AGC circuit performs automatic gain adjustment to output a signal of determined amplitude to a buffer in response to the control signal from the error amplifier.

Sensor drive circuit

An operational amplifier and a digital signal transfer circuit in which an output voltage does not decrease instantly even if an abrupt change of input signal due to noise causes a high-to-low transition to be superposed on an input signal. The operational amplifier includes a differential pair of transistors with a first transistor having a collector that is grounded and a second transistor having an emitter connected to the emitter of the first transistor; a current mirror circuit with a third transistor having a collector connected to an output node of the differential pair of transistors and a fourth transistor having a base connected to a base of the third transistor; a fifth transistor having a collector connected to an output terminal and a base connected to an output node of the current mirror circuit; and a capacitive element connected between the output node of the current mirror circuit and the output terminal.

Operational amplifier and digital signal transfer circuit

An experimental study has been made on the carbothermic reaction of ThN with graphite in the form of loose powder mixture in vacuo. The effects of reaction temperature and particle size were examined. The graphite and ThN powders were mixed in proportions representing molecular ratios of about unity. Three kinds of samples of different particle sizes were utilized. Gravimetric measurements on the reaction were made sothermally in the temperature range of 1,420°~1,630°C. For these samples of different particle sizes, the reaction kinetics were represented in common by first-order plots for the early part of the reaction. The apparent activation energies were about 60kcal/mol for the three samples. X-ray examination revealed the reaction products to be mainly ThCxN1-x′ with some ThC2 and/or ThC1-x′ N1-x′ in the case of the fine and the medium particle size samples. As for the coarse powder, the products were identified to be ThCx′N1-x and ThCx′N1-x′ without any ThC2. As the reaction proceeded, each carbonit...

Reaction of Thorium Mononitride with Graphite

PURPOSE: To provide a sensor driving circuit that can accurately detect the amount of change in the inductance of a coil that serves as a variable sensor. CONSTITUTION: A peak detecting circuit 12 detects the peak value of a difference signal between an output signal S3 and an intermediate signal S34 and outputs a peak detection signal S12 as a verification signal to one of the inputs of an error amplifier 14. The error amplifier 14 is given a reference voltage VR1 as the other input, and outputs a control signal S14 to a n AGC circuit 2 according to the result of comparison of the peak detection signal S12 with the reference voltage VR1. A peak detecting circuit 13 detects the peak value of a difference signal between the output signal S3 and an inverted output signal S4 and outputs that peak detection signal S12 to the outside as an inductance detection signal OUT. The AGC circuit 3 performs automatic gain control according to the control signal S14 of the error amplifier 14 and outputs a signal for determining amplitude to a buffer 3. COPYRIGHT: (C)1995,JPO

Sensor driving circuit

The operational amplifier includes a differential transistor pair (Q2,Q3) with a first transistor of first conductivity which receives an input signal at its control electrode, while the main electrode is coupled to a first current feed potential node (Vcc). The control electrode of the second transistor of the same conductivity receives an output signal, while its other main electrode is coupled to the first transistor main electrode. A current mirror circuit (Q5,Q7) comprises two further transistors of second conductivity in a specified connection. A fifth transistor of second conductivity is arranged in a specified connection so that its control electrode is coupled to the output node of the circuit. A capacitor (C1) is incorporated between the circuit output node and the output terminal.

Operational amplifier with differential transistor pair

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