Measles is one of widely spread virus infections that is a major cause of deaths in some tropical areas. The measles virus is a member of the genus of Morbillivirus of the family of Paramyxoviridae. The virions contain six polypeptides, including one glycoprotein; two of them are surface proteins that possess hemagglutinating and hemolytic activities, one of them is polymerase. Replication of the measles virus is similar to that of other Paramyxoviruses. Besides the acute infection for measles virus a persistent infection is characteristic that affects central nervous system and inner organs. Molecular mechanisms of it were studied and the results are discussed to explain the pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, systemic lupus erythematosus and other diseases in which measles or measles-like virus may be involved.

The measles virus.

A critical component of laboratory surveillance for measles is the genetic characterization of circulating wild-type viruses. The World Health Organization (WHO) Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (LabNet), provides for standardized testing in 183 countries and supports genetic characterization of currently circulating strains of measles viruses. The goal of this report is to describe the lessons learned from nearly 20 years of virologic surveillance for measles, to describe the global databases for measles sequences, and to provide regional updates about measles genotypes detected by recent surveillance activities. Virologic surveillance for measles is now well established in all of the WHO regions, and most countries have conducted at least some baseline surveillance. The WHO Global Genotype Database contains >7000 genotype reports, and the Measles Nucleotide Surveillance (MeaNS) contains >4000 entries. This sequence information has proven to be extremely useful for tracking global transmission patterns and for documenting the interruption of transmission in some countries. The future challenges will be to develop quality control programs for molecular methods and to continue to expand virologic surveillance activities in all regions.

/pdf/global-distribution-of-measles-genotypes-and-measles-hs4dptv6ub.pdf

Global distribution of measles genotypes and measles molecular epidemiology.

Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses provides a means to study the transmission pathways of the virus and is an essential component of laboratory-based surveillance. Laboratory-based surveillance for measles and rubella, including genetic characterization of wild-type viruses, is performed throughout the world by the WHO Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network, which serves 166 countries in all WHO regions. In particular, the genetic data can help confirm the sources of virus or suggest a source for unknown-source cases as well as to establish links, or lack thereof, between various cases and outbreaks. Virologic surveillance has helped to document the interruption of transmission of endemic measles in some regions. Thus, molecular characterization of measles viruses has provided a valuable tool for measuring the effectiveness of measles

https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783540706168-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-628707-p173832340

Molecular epidemiology of measles virus.

This study aimed to analyse trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China, in their historical context. Both English and Chinese literature was searched and diseases were categorised according to the type of disease or transmission route. Temporal trends of morbidity and mortality rates were calculated for eight major infectious diseases types. Strong government commitment to public health responses and improvements in quality of life has led to the eradication or containment of a wide range of infectious diseases in China. The overall infectious diseases burden experienced a dramatic drop during 1975–1995, but since then, it reverted and maintained a gradual upward trend to date. Most notifiable diseases are contained at a low endemic level; however, local small-scale outbreaks remain common. Tuberculosis, as a bacterial infection, has re-emerged since the 1990s and has become prevalent in the country. Sexually transmitted infections are in a rapid, exponential growth phase, spreading from core groups to the general population. Together human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), they account for 39% of all death cases due to infectious diseases in China in 2008. Zoonotic infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), rabies and influenza, pose constant threats to Chinese residents and remain the most deadly disease type among the infected individuals. Therefore, second-generation surveillance of behavioural risks or vectors associated with pathogen transmission should be scaled up. It is necessary to implement public health interventions that target HIV and relevant coinfections, address transmission associated with highly mobile populations, and reduce the risk of cross-species transmission of zoonotic pathogens.

/pdf/trends-in-notifiable-infectious-diseases-in-china-179a6epx1r.pdf

Trends in Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China: Implications for Surveillance and Population Health Policy

https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(15)00471-4.pdf

Mutational Analysis of Measles Virus Suggests Constraints on Antigenic Variation of the Glycoproteins

This report describes the genetic characterization of 297 wild-type measles viruses that were isolated in 24 provinces of China between 1995 and 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of the N gene sequences showed that all of the isolates belonged to genotype H1 except 3 isolates, which were genotype A. The nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid homologies of the 294-genotype H1 strains were 94.7%–100% and 93.3%–100%, respectively. The genotype H1 isolates were divided into 2 clusters, which differed by approximately 2.9% at the nucleotide level. Viruses from both clusters were distributed throughout China with no apparent geographic restriction and multiple co-circulating lineages were present in many provinces. Even though other measles genotypes have been detected in countries that border China, this report shows that genotype H1 is widely distributed throughout the country and that China has a single, endemic genotype. This important baseline data will help to monitor the progress of measles control in China.

/pdf/molecular-epidemiology-of-measles-viruses-in-china-1995-2003-5fxp7b26s8.pdf

Molecular epidemiology of measles viruses in China, 1995–2003

Background
China experienced several large measles outbreaks in the past two decades, and a series of enhanced control measures were implemented to achieve the goal of measles elimination. Molecular epidemiologic surveillance of wild-type measles viruses (MeV) provides valuable information about the viral transmission patterns. Since 1993, virologic surveillnace has confirmed that a single endemic genotype H1 viruses have been predominantly circulating in China. A component of molecular surveillance is to monitor the genetic characteristics of the hemagglutinin (H) gene of MeV, the major target for virus neutralizing antibodies.

/pdf/genetic-characterization-of-the-hemagglutinin-genes-of-wild-5b4trzehwu.pdf

Genetic characterization of the hemagglutinin genes of wild-type measles virus circulating in china, 1993-2009.

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Molecular epidemiology of measles viruses in China, 1995–2003

Genetic characterization of the hemagglutinin genes of wild-type measles virus circulating in china, 1993-2009.