The non-destructive testing and diagnosis of transport infrastructures is essential because of the need to protect these facilities for mobility, and for economic and social development. The effective and timely assessment of structural health conditions becomes crucial in order to assure the safety of the transportation system and time saver protocols, as well as to reduce excessive repair and maintenance costs. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the most recommended non-destructive methods for routine subsurface inspections. This paper focuses on the on-site use of GPR applied to transport infrastructures, namely pavements, railways, retaining walls, bridges and tunnels. The methodologies, advantages and disadvantages, along with up-to-date research results on GPR in infrastructure inspection are presented herein. Hence, through the review of the published literature, the potential of using GPR is demonstrated, while the main limitations of the method are discussed and some practical recommendations are made.

A review of GPR application on transport infrastructures: Troubleshooting and best practices

Automatic recognition of tunnel lining elements from GPR images using deep convolutional networks with data augmentation

Pavement-distress detection using ground-penetrating radar and network in networks

A frequency-domain reverse-time migration (RTM) algorithm based on the layered medium dyadic Green's function (DGF) is proposed for high-resolution and efficient subsurface imaging using ground penetrating radar (GPR). Different from the conventional RTM, which is performed by the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method, both the forward and backward extrapolation wavefields in this frequency-domain RTM are computed by the multiplication between the frequency spectra of the excitation source or the recorded GPR data and the layered medium DGFs. The final image is reconstructed by the direct summation of all the wavefields for all the sampling frequencies in the frequency domain, instead of transforming them back to the time domain and processing them. Two-dimensional (2-D) or 3-D numerical and laboratory experiments show that the proposed frequency-domain RTM algorithm can yield almost the same imaging results as the conventional time domain RTM algorithm but requires less than two orders of magnitude in computational costs. The proposed GPR imaging method is verified to be competent for the fast 3-D imaging of potential larva rocks under the lunar surface, which can provide critical information for the regolith-drilling task of the Chang-E 5 lunar exploration mission of China. Real-time subsurface imaging by RTM could be fulfilled and be widely applied to engineering geophysics, such as urban utility detection, through-wall imaging, and ice monitoring by ground-coupled or air-borne GPR.

Frequency-Domain Reverse-Time Migration of Ground Penetrating Radar Based on Layered Medium Green's Functions

In this article, we focus on the detection of the interlayer debonding of the asphalt airport pavement by the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. Since the interlayer debonding usually occurs in the shallow region of the asphalt airport pavement (several centimeters), it is difficult to interpret the anomalies or the defects from the GPR signals composed of many waves under the boundary conditions. Moreover, the wavelength of the ordinary GPR system is over several centimeters. Therefore, the spatial resolution of the system is not accurate enough to consider the millimeter thickness of the debonding layer. To overcome these problems, we propose a new method based on evaluating the lateral wave behavior of common midpoint (CMP) gathers collected by a multiple static GPR system. The multistatic GPR system is a stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) radar system, which consists of eight transmitting and eight receiving bowtie antennas. The system operates in the frequency range from 50 MHz to 1.5 GHz. After the validation of the simulation, the results of the interlayer debonding detection were evaluated by a field experiment obtained at Tokyo International Airport. The proposed method can detect the debonding layers which are less than 1 mm. Also, it is shown that our proposed method has a high consistency with the conventional acoustic finding method in the field measurement. It provides an innovative and effective method for the interlayer debonding detection of a partially damaged airport asphalt pavement, which is difficult to be observed by the ordinary GPR signals.

/pdf/on-the-use-of-lateral-wave-for-the-interlayer-debonding-9ors7b3s6y.pdf

On the Use of Lateral Wave for the Interlayer Debonding Detecting in an Asphalt Airport Pavement Using a Multistatic GPR System

Time-frequency analysis of air-coupled GPR data for identification of delamination between pavement layers

We have published a ground-coupled GPR antenna array, which consists of one transmitter and five receivers, for in situ estimation of the thickness and dielectric permittivity of an asphalt pavement layer [1]. In this paper, we optimize the design of the antipodal Vivaldi antenna to pursue a higher resolution through reducing the late-time ringing. Furthermore, an off-ground antenna array is assembled, and can effectively accelerate the acquisition of common-source GPR datasets. The antenna phase center was calibrated to estimate the velocity and thickness of both the air gap and asphalt pavement layer, through velocity spectrum analysis. Numerical experimental results show that the off-ground antenna array is one ideal method for inspecting asphalt pavements.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7566898/7572503/07572701.pdf

GPR inspection of asphalt pavement using an off-ground antenna array

In our previous publication, we have designed a ground penetrating radar (GPR) system with and antenna array for in-situ estimation of the thickness and dielectric permittivity of the asphalt pavement. In this paper, we change the work mode of the GPR antenna array from the ground-coupled mode to the off-ground one, accelerating the data acquisition speed required for highway inspection. The GPR antenna array consists of one transmitting antenna and five receiving antennas. We determine the phase-center location of the employed Vivaldi antenna for calibration and simply the antennas as point sources in the following process. Velocity spectrum analysis is applied to robustly estimate the dielectric constant from the time delay of re ection signal recorded in different channels. We show one of the laboratory experiment results in Figure 1. The thickness estimation error of the asphalt pavement layer is 14mm (7.0%); and the velocity estimation error of the asphalt pavement layer is 0.016 m/ns (9.2%). With the off-ground antenna array, the proposed GPR system has a vast potential in pavement inspection.

Ground penetrating radar inspection of asphalt pavement with an off-ground antenna array

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Time-frequency analysis of air-coupled GPR data for identification of delamination between pavement layers

GPR inspection of asphalt pavement using an off-ground antenna array

Ground penetrating radar inspection of asphalt pavement with an off-ground antenna array