The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a devastating pandemic. Although most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop a mild to moderate disease with virus replication restricted mainly to the upper airways, some progress to having a life-threatening pneumonia. In this Review, we explore recent clinical and experimental advances regarding SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and discuss potential mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), specifically focusing on new insights obtained using novel technologies such as single-cell omics, organoid infection models and CRISPR screens. We describe how SARS-CoV-2 may infect the lower respiratory tract and cause alveolar damage as a result of dysfunctional immune responses. We discuss how this may lead to the induction of a 'leaky state' of both the epithelium and the endothelium, promoting inflammation and coagulation, while an influx of immune cells leads to overexuberant inflammatory responses and immunopathology. Finally, we highlight how these findings may aid the development of new therapeutic interventions against COVID-19. 

/pdf/sars-cov-2-pathogenesis-1tieifc2.pdf

SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis

Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has become the state-of-the-art approach for unravelling the heterogeneity and complexity of RNA transcripts within individual cells, as well as revealing the composition of different cell types and functions within highly organized tissues/organs/organisms. Since its first discovery in 2009, studies based on scRNA-seq provide massive information across different fields making exciting new discoveries in better understanding the composition and interaction of cells within humans, model animals and plants. In this review, we provide a concise overview about the scRNA-seq technology, experimental and computational procedures for transforming the biological and molecular processes into computational and statistical data. We also provide an explanation of the key technological steps in implementing the technology. We highlight a few examples on how scRNA-seq can provide unique information for better understanding health and diseases. One important application of the scRNA-seq technology is to build a better and high-resolution catalogue of cells in all living organism, commonly known as atlas, which is key resource to better understand and provide a solution in treating diseases. While great promises have been demonstrated with the technology in all areas, we further highlight a few remaining challenges to be overcome and its great potentials in transforming current protocols in disease diagnosis and treatment. 

Single‐cell RNA sequencing technologies and applications: A brief overview

Impact loading of plates and shells by free-flying projectiles: A review

Application of robotics in offshore oil and gas industry- A review Part II

Designing and building structures that will withstand the unique challenges that exist in Subsea operations is no easy task As deepwater wells are drilled to greater depths, engineers are confronted with a new set of problems such as water depth, weather conditions, ocean currents, equipment reliability, and well accessibility, to name just a few A definitive reference for engineers designing, analyzing and instilling offshore structures, "Subsea Structural Engineering Handbook" provides an expert guide to the key processes, technologies and equipment that comprise contemporary offshore structures Written in a clear and easy to understand language, the book is based on the authors 30 years of experience in the design, analysis and instillation of offshore structures This book answers the above mentioned crucial questions as well as covers the entire spectrum of subjects in the discipline, from route selection and planning to design, construction, installation, materials and corrosion, inspection, welding, repair, risk assessment, and applicable design solutions It yields a roadmap not only for the subsea engineer but also the project managers, estimators and regulatory personnel hoping to gain an appreciation of the overall issues and directed approaches to subsea engineering design solutions This title features up-to-date technical overview of deepwater riser engineering It is easy to understand It includes coverage of design, analysis and, stallation It addresses issues concerning both fixed and floating platforms It covers technical equipment such as Subsea Control Systems, Pressure Piping, Connectors and Equipment Layout as well as Remotely-operated vehicles

Subsea Engineering Handbook

Marine pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas have become a safe and reliable part of the expanding infrastructure put in place for the development of the valuable resources below the world's seas and oceans. The design of these pipelines is a relatively new technology and continues to evolve as the design of more cost effective pipelines becomes a priority and applications move into deeper waters and more hostile environments. This updated edition of a best selling title provides the reader with a scope and depth of detail related to the design of offshore pipelines and risers not seen before in a textbook format. With over 25years experience, Professor Yong Bai has been able to assimilate the essence of the applied mechanics aspects of offshore pipeline system design in a form of value to students and designers alike. It represents an excellent source of up to date practices and knowledge to help equip those who wish to be part of the exciting future of this industry.

Subsea Pipelines and Risers

The COVID-19 pandemic has accounted for millions of infections and hundreds of thousand deaths worldwide in a short-time period. The patients demonstrate a great diversity in clinical and laboratory manifestations and disease severity. Nonetheless, little is known about the host genetic contribution to the observed interindividual phenotypic variability. Here, we report the first host genetic study in the Chinese population by deeply sequencing and analyzing 332 COVID-19 patients categorized by varying levels of severity from the Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital. Upon a total of 22.2 million genetic variants, we conducted both single-variant and gene-based association tests among five severity groups including asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical ill patients after the correction of potential confounding factors. Pedigree analysis suggested a potential monogenic effect of loss of function variants in GOLGA3 and DPP7 for critically ill and asymptomatic disease demonstration. Genome-wide association study suggests the most significant gene locus associated with severity were located in TMEM189–UBE2V1 that involved in the IL-1 signaling pathway. The p.Val197Met missense variant that affects the stability of the TMPRSS2 protein displays a decreasing allele frequency among the severe patients compared to the mild and the general population. We identified that the HLA-A*11:01, B*51:01, and C*14:02 alleles significantly predispose the worst outcome of the patients. This initial genomic study of Chinese patients provides genetic insights into the phenotypic difference among the COVID-19 patient groups and highlighted genes and variants that may help guide targeted efforts in containing the outbreak. Limitations and advantages of the study were also reviewed to guide future international efforts on elucidating the genetic architecture of host–pathogen interaction for COVID-19 and other infectious and complex diseases.

/pdf/initial-whole-genome-sequencing-and-analysis-of-the-host-1221ykoo2i.pdf

Initial whole-genome sequencing and analysis of the host genetic contribution to COVID-19 severity and susceptibility

Marine pipelines have become a safe and reliable part of the expanding infrastructure put in place for the transportation of oil and gas. Recent developments in research and engineering and new design codes have created the need for a book to educate pipeline engineers and provide materials for on-job training. This book has been written for engineers who work on pipelines, risers and piping, and is also intended as a textbook for graduate students and a reference for researchers. The book can also be used for design of offshore structures since it mainly addresses applied mechanics and design/engineering. Individual chapters address: wall-thickness and material grade selection; buckling collapse of deepwater metallic pipes; limit-state based strength design; soil and pipe interaction; hydrodynamics around pipes; finite element analysis of in-situ behavior; on-bottom stability; vortex-induced vibrations and fatigue; force model and wave fatigue; trawl impact, pullover and hooking loads; installation design; reliability-based strength design of pipelines; remaining strength of corroded pipes; residual strength of dented pipes with cracks; risk analysis applied to subsea pipeline engineering; route optimization, tie-in and protection; pipeline inspection, maintenance and repair; use of high strength steel; design of deepwater risers; design codes and criteria for risers; fatigue of risers; piping systems; pipe-in-pipe and bundle systems; life cycle cost modeling as a decision making tool in pipeline design; and design examples.

Pipelines and risers

Pipeline integrity management has become matured and applied to the operation and maintenance of subsea pipe quantitative risk assessment, risk and environmental impact study as well as preparation of emergency response plans. The risk and reliability assessment has also been successfully applied for the determination of partial safety factors in design criteria. The industry has been seeking new tools for subsea pipeline inspection and integrity management. Subsea repairs and inspection are costly for petroleum and pipeline engineers and proper training is needed to focus on ensuring system strength and integrity. This book contains data tables, illustrations, and calculations, with a focus on pipeline corrosion, flexible pipes, and subsea repair. Reliability-based models also provide a decision making tool for day-to-day use.

Subsea Pipeline Integrity and Risk Management

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