The neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) belonging to the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) gene family (also referred to as the neurotransmitter-sodium-symporter family or Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent transporters) comprise a group of nine sodium- and chloride-dependent plasma membrane transporters for the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), dopamine, and norepinephrine, and the amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. The SLC6 NTTs are widely expressed in the mammalian brain and play an essential role in regulating neurotransmitter signaling and homeostasis by mediating uptake of released neurotransmitters from the extracellular space into neurons and glial cells. The transporters are targets for a wide range of therapeutic drugs used in treatment of psychiatric diseases, including major depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. Furthermore, psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines have the SLC6 NTTs as primary targets. Beginning with the determination of a high-resolution structure of a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian SLC6 transporters in 2005, the understanding of the molecular structure, function, and pharmacology of these proteins has advanced rapidly. Furthermore, intensive efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in regulation of the activity of this important class of transporters, leading to new methodological developments and important insights. This review provides an update of these advances and their implications for the current understanding of the SLC6 NTTs.

SLC6 Neurotransmitter Transporters: Structure, Function, and Regulation

Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder without adequate current treatment. Recent theories of schizophrenia focus on disturbances of glutamatergic neurotransmission particularly at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. NMDA receptors are regulated in vivo by the amino acids glycine and d-serine. Glycine levels, in turn, are regulated by glycine type I (GlyT1) transporters, which serve to maintain low subsaturating glycine levels in the vicinity of the NMDA receptor. A proposed approach to treatment of schizophrenia, therefore, is inhibition of GlyT1-mediated transport. Over the past decade, several well tolerated, high affinity GlyT1 inhibitors have been developed and shown to potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in animal models relevant to schizophrenia. In addition, clinical trials have been conducted with sarcosine (N-methylglycine), a naturally occurring GlyT1 inhibitor, and with the high affinity compound RG1678. Although definitive trials remain ongoing, encouraging results to date have been reported.

Glycine transport inhibitors in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Marine sponge–associated actinomycetes are considered as promising sources for the discovery of novel biologically active compounds. In the present study, a total of 64 actinomycetes were isolated from 12 different marine sponge species that had been collected offshore the islands of Milos and Crete, Greece, eastern Mediterranean. The isolates were affiliated to 23 genera representing 8 different suborders based on nearly full length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Four putatively novel species belonging to genera Geodermatophilus, Microlunatus, Rhodococcus and Actinomycetospora were identified based on a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of < 98.5% to currently described strains. Eight actinomycete isolates showed bioactivities against Trypanosma brucei brucei TC221 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values <20 μg/mL. Thirty four isolates from the Milos collection and 12 isolates from the Crete collection were subjected to metabolomic analysis using high resolution LC-MS and NMR for dereplication purposes. Two isolates belonging to the genera Streptomyces (SBT348) and Micromonospora (SBT687) were prioritized based on their distinct chemistry profiles as well as their anti-trypanosomal activities. These findings demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of utilizing metabolomics tools to prioritize chemically unique strains from microorganism collections and further highlight sponges as rich source for novel and bioactive actinomycetes.

/pdf/biodiversity-anti-trypanosomal-activity-screening-and-wo5zyzhj1u.pdf

Biodiversity, Anti-Trypanosomal Activity Screening, and Metabolomic Profiling of Actinomycetes Isolated from Mediterranean Sponges

Twelve-membered head-to-tail cyclic tetrapeptides (CTPs) are rigid molecules found in nature and possess a diverse range of biological activities. A possible reason may be due to their ability to adopt rigid conformations in solution mimicking reverse-turns. Reverse-turns are common structural motifs which serve as molecular recognition sites in many protein-receptor interactions. In this paper, we describe the solid-phase synthesis of the antibacterial cyclic tetrapeptide cyclo[Gly-Ser-Pro-Glu] (cyclo[GSPE]), first isolated from the Ruegeria strain of marine bacteria by Mitova et al. (J Nat Prod 67:1178–1181, 2004). Our NMR experiments in H2O:D2O:DMSO (18:1:1) revealed that it possessed three conformations in an approximate ratio of 4:2:1 based on NMR amide peak intensities. 2D NMR studies and computer calculations revealed that the major conformer adopted a reverse-turn conformation and have ω torsion angles twisted by up to 2°, with two transoid amide bonds between Gly-Ser, Pro-Glu and two cisoid amide bonds between Ser-Pro, Glu-Gly in a cis–trans-cis–trans (ctct) pattern. This supports previous reports that majority of CTPs adopt a ctct pattern when dissolved in hydrogen-bond disrupting solvents (Che and Marshall in J Med Chem 49:111–124, 2006 and references cited therein). An ensemble of ten lowest-energy-minimised 3D structures generated using XPLOR-NIH software revealed that cyclo[GSPE] possessed a rigid backbone ring scaffold. The remaining two minor conformers were present in quantities too low for NMR structural studies.

Solid-Phase Synthesis and NMR Structural Studies of the Marine Antibacterial Cyclic Tetrapeptide: Cyclo[GSPE]

The present invention relates to novel anti-TB cyclic peptides from Nonomuraea sp. MJM5123, a process for the production of the anti-Tuberculosis peptide and a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of mycobacterial infection comprising the same. The composition of the present invention is highly active against replicating/non-replicating M. tuberculosis, including MDR and XDR strains, so that it can be effectively used as a therapeutic agent for tuberculosis.

Cyclic peptide from nonomuraea sp., process for the production thereof, and pharmaceutical composition for the prevention or treatment of mycobacteria related disease comprising the same

In the course of our search for natural antipsychotic agents, we isolated five new cyclic tetrapeptides from the fermentation broth of Nonomuraea sp. TA-0426. These compounds turned out to be analogues of WSS2220, which had been produced by the same actinomycete and showed strong inhibitory activity against GlyT1. Four of the present peptides exhibit more potent GlyT1 inhibitory activities than WSS2220.

New Cyclic Tetrapeptides from Nonomuraea sp. TA-0426 that Inhibit Glycine Transporter Type 1 (GlyT1).

WSS2220, a Novel Cyclic Tetrapeptide with a New Sulfonoamino Acid, Exhibits Potent and Selective Inhibitory Activity Against GlyT1.

Compound with antibacterial activity and antitumor activity and preparation method and applications thereof

A compound of the formula: [wherein each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 
represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R 4 represents a hydrogen
atom or a hydroxyl group; and R 5 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl
group] is a novel physiologically active substance exhibiting an inhibition
activity to the glycine transporter of glia cells, and is useful as a therapeutic
agent for comprehensive ataxia.

Compound having glycine transporter inhibition activity

New cyclic tetrapeptides from Nonomuraea sp. TA-0426 that inhibit glycine transporter type 1 (GlyT1)

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