In this letter, a low-cost patch antenna phased array is demonstrated with analog beam steering without using phase shifters. This novel technique can greatly reduce the cost of a phased-array system and will enable the wide-scale deployment of phased arrays in low-end commercial products. In the presented three-element phased array, the center (driven) antenna is fed by an RF source and the two neighboring (passive) antennas are excited through the mutual coupling from the center antenna. The phase shifts between the antenna elements are achieved by changing the reactance of the capacitors loading the two passive antennas. A phased array using this novel technique is designed, fabricated, and measured at 3 GHz with a bandwidth of 1.8%. This phased array is shown to be able to steer the antenna beam from 20 to 20 degrees in an analog fashion. The measured radiation patterns of this phased array closely match the theoretical calculation and full-wave simulation results.

A Low-Cost Patch Antenna Phased Array With Analog Beam Steering Using Mutual Coupling and Reactive Loading

A generalized formulation as well as a simple design approach is presented for electronically steerable parasitic array radiators (ESPAR). Based on the presented design procedure, a low-cost rectangular dielectric resonator parasitic phased array antenna is designed. An E-plane linear dielectric resonator phased array coupled to symmetric narrow slot apertures is investigated. The driven element is mutually coupled to the parasitic elements and reactive loads are utilized to control the phase to achieve a particular beam scanning direction. The use of low-cost reactive loads instead of expensive conventional phase shifters allows for more economic fabrication. Based on this design, a five elements planar array is designed and measured. In addition, a large array using ESPAR subarrays is presented.

Theory of ESPAR Design With Their Implementation in Large Arrays

A city-wide wireless sewer sensor network can be made intelligent by having parasitic slot array manhole cover antennas. The utilization of parasitic antennas is explored to demonstrate the effect of limited beam scanning on a real sensor network system. The combination of an electronically steerable beamforming capability and an angular diversity technique in this antenna allowed the antenna to adapt to its radio environment and find optimal receive characteristics. The sensor measurement result indicates that the intelligence of the antenna significantly improves packet reception rate and received signal strength indication (RSSI). We improved by 64% in packet rate and 10 dB in RSSI, compared to a uniformly radiating dipole antenna.

A City-Wide Smart Wireless Sewer Sensor Network Using Parasitic Slot Array Antennas

A planar cross-type parasitic patch array antenna has been successfully demonstrated to give tunable radiation patterns. Even with readily available commercial varactors, approximately 30 degrees of tunability is achieved. The simulated result is well matched to the measured result. If different varactors were used with an increased capacitance range then the antenna pattern could be tuned more, however more side lobes would also be introduced.

/pdf/a-planar-parasitic-array-antenna-for-tunable-radiation-44y6miw3rr.pdf

A planar parasitic array antenna for tunable radiation pattern

paper presents design and fabrication equilateral triangular parasitic patch microstrip antenna array with operating frequency at 2.42 GHz, for wireless communication systems. The Industry, Scientific and Medical (ISM) Band, unlicensed with the range 2.40 - 2.4835 GHz is used as the operation band. The maximum bandwidth can be achieved by controlling the distance between the patch antennas and by adjusting the probe feed position. Return loss of -33.23 dB with VSWR 1.10 at 2.42 GHz. The results shows that the proposed antenna has the impedance bandwidth of 120MHz for the array without triangular slot and 140MHz with triangular slot loaded ETMA planar array. The antenna parameters are investigated and optimization is performed by varying the feed position and substrate dielectric constant. The input and radiation characteristics are examined and compared. The various parameters are measured and practical results are presented and discussed.

https://www.ijcaonline.org/volume28/number7/pxc3874726.pdf

Design and Implementation of a Broadband Equilateral Triangular Parasitic Patch Microstrip Antenna Array for Wireless Applications

A parasitically-coupled and reactively-loaded patch antenna array is demonstrated to achieve beam steering in an analog manner. The strong parasitic coupling between closely-spaced patch antennas is used to form a phased array with a single driven element. The phase shift between the array elements is adjustable by changing the reactive loading on the parasitic patch antenna. A prototype of this antenna array is demonstrated at 2.3 GHz.

Beam-steerable patch antenna array using parasitic coupling and reactive loading

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Beam-steerable patch antenna array using parasitic coupling and reactive loading