Steel-concrete composite frames have been widely used in high-rise buildings. To improve the utilization efficiency of the indoor area, irregular-shaped concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns were proposed for an alternative of the traditional rectangular CFST columns. In this paper, the L-shaped multi-cellular CFST (LM-CFST) frame was proposed, consisting of LM-CFST columns and H-shaped steel beams. Firstly, four LM-CFST frames were tested under combined axial compression and cyclic lateral loads. The local buckling was observed at both the top and bottom ends of the column, and fracture of steel occurred when the drift ratio was large. The hysteresis curves were spindle-shaped with the ductility indexes of 2.61–3.24. Then, a refined finite element model was established and validated against the test results. A parametric analysis was conducted to study the effect of axial compression ratio, web cell length, concrete strength and steel tube thickness on the seismic performance of LM-CFST frames. It was found that the axial compression ratio could affect the seismic performance of LM-CFST frames significantly, while the concrete strength had little effect. Finally, the compression-bending capacities obtained from the sectional analysis method specified in EC4 were compared with those obtained from tests. It was found that this method could predict the compression-bending capacity of the LM-CFST frame under combined axial compression and cyclic lateral loads with reasonable discrepancies. 

Experimental and numerical study on seismic performance of L-shaped multi-cellular CFST frames

Damage identification of large-scale space truss structures based on stiffness separation method

The architectural design process involves the input of many stakeholders. Communication between them is crucial as it ensures an effective design process. The practice of architecture has been transformed by advances in hardware and software technologies, to the point where both the workflow and the design process are changing. These technologies have also impacted on the methods of representing and communicating design work. At present, traditional communication uses 2D and 3D drawings, as well as digital media such as animation, computer gaming or graphic design, which have impacted on architectural representations. While these tools are very useful, problems in communication between stakeholders are revealed. For instance, differences in architectural background knowledge and requirements lead to misunderstanding the design, confusion caused by working on inconsistent information, and use of
incompatible software which causes difficulties in accessing work. This research project attempts to identify and analyse issues relating to communication within the design process in order to improve it. The study is undertaken using a number of key questions to guide the development and progress of the research. The extent of communication via digital media in the design process, in contemporary architectural practice, is examined, along with the perceived value of digital technology by stakeholders. Architectural design work would benefit from exploiting digital media and the Internet to provide an effective form of communication for enabling a user/stakeholder-oriented
involvement in the design process.
The work presented revisits the conventional methods of communication in design work, between various interested parties in any given project (stakeholders: architects, engineers, planners and clients), with a view to formulating an outline for a potential system that facilitates communication as part of a participatory design process. This study puts forward suggestions to improve communication in the design process, through a storyboard represents users’ experiences in using an interactive communication system. The suggestions are being tested through a mock-up of the web application, which is then presented to participants to receive feedback. Three guiding principles inform the development of the final system: interaction (to allow fast input and feedback); accessibility (to ensure any particular design software is able to interact with the system); and inclusivity (to allow both specialists and lay people to use the system).

A study of stakeholders’ experience of the architectural design process to stimulate an interactive form of communication

Component uncertainty importance measure in complex multi-state system considering epistemic uncertainties

Importance measure-based maintenance strategy optimization: Fundamentals, applications and future directions in AI and IoT

A new multi-criteria importance measure and its applications to risk reduction and safety enhancement

Six special-shaped columns composed of concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) were designed and tested based on the ISO-834 temperature curve to access their fire performance under eccentric loads. Key test variables include the types of stiffener, load eccentricity, as well as load angle, and the failure modes, temperature distribution, and deformation of specimens were analyzed. The test outcomes indicate that the L-shaped CFST columns’ fire resistance declines as the load eccentricity rises, but its decrease amplitude narrows under a relatively high eccentricity. Besides, the impact exerted by the load angle on the columns’ fire resistance is also significant. A Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method was carried out afterward and compared with the test outcomes. Moreover, an extensive parametric analysis containing 2008 FEA models was developed to study the impact of major parameters on the L-shaped CFST columns’ fire resistance, namely load ratio (n), slenderness ratio (λ), column limb width (B), column limb depth-to-width ratio (D/B), load eccentricity ratio (e/r0), steel ratio (αs), steel strength (fy), concrete strength (fck), and load angle (θ). The analysis results imply that the parameter of load ratio (n) remarkably affects the columns’ fire resistance, while the other parameters exert a certain impact on the fire resistance when n < 0.5. Given the test and analysis, a simplified calculation approach for the fire resistance of L-shaped CFST columns is designed. 

Experimental and numerical study of fire performance of L-shaped concrete-filled steel tubular columns under eccentric compression

A novel method of simple static loadings is developed for existing space trusses to assess the key structural stiffness, which provides the main resistance to the structural deformation caused by the load that dominates the deformation check in the structural design. For a space truss under a given dominant load, the structural displacement can be characterized by the generalized displacements along a few eigenvectors, which form a so-called key set, of the stiffness matrix of its numerical (finite-element) model. When the stiffness of the space truss deteriorates, the structural displacement can still be described by the pseudo-generalized displacements along those eigenvectors included in the key set and a small number of their adjacent eigenvectors. Moreover, the pseudo-generalized displacement can be approximately expressed as a linear combination of the generalized displacements along its neighboring eigenvectors included in the key set. Any combination coefficient can be estimated by the measured nodal displacements of the existing (deteriorated) structure under a constructed simple static load. The strategies for selecting the loaded degrees of freedom and optimizing the magnitude of loads are proposed. The selection of the measured degrees of freedom of displacement responses caused by the simple load is also discussed. For two illustrative space trusses with randomly assigned member stiffness deviations, the deterioration of their key structural stiffness is evaluated by comparing the displacement, which is indirectly obtained by simple static loadings, of the existing structure and that of the numerical model. The accuracy and validity of the proposed method are verified. 

Assessing Key Structural Stiffness of Existing Space Trusses Based on Optimized Simple Static Loadings

Determining failure modes devoid of redundant elements for pin-bar structures using null space of equilibrium matrix

Along with the approach of experiencing economic times and continuous development of digital technology, we are requested to incorporate virtual reality-based technology into architectural design The incorporation of virtual reality-based technology into architectural design will greatly improve its main sections and efficiency This paper, in view of architectural design expression, analyzes limitations and deficiencies which have been found in the current architectural design expressions, and makes advantages of Web3D virtual reality-based technology to definite novel architectural drawings marked by interactive design expressions Furthermore, the paper has analyzed its main characteristics featured in interaction, fluency, feeling of reality and real-time comparison The paper also discusses the manner for generating virtual architecture models and illuminates the main meanings combining practical situations in architectural design

Applications and researches on Web3D virtual reality-based technology in architectural design expressions

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