Urban vegetation has the potential to improve air quality as it promotes pollutant deposition and retention. Urban air quality models often include the effect vegetation have on pollution dispersion, however, processes involved in pollution removal by vegetation are often excluded or simplified and does not consider different vegetation characteristics. In this systematic review, we analyze the influence of the large interspecies variation in vegetation characteristics to identify the key factors affecting the removal of the major urban pollutants, particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the air through vegetation deposition. The aim is to identify key processes needed to represent vegetation characteristics in urban air quality modelling assessments. We show that PM is mainly deposited to the leaf surface, and thus representation of characteristics affecting the aerodynamics from canopy down to leaf surface are important, such as branch/shoot complexity and leaf size, leaf surface roughness and hairiness. In addition, characteristics affecting PM retention capacity, resuspension and wash-off, include leaf surface roughness, hairiness and wax content. NO2 is mainly deposited through stomatal uptake, and thus stomatal conductance and its responses to environmental conditions are key factors. These include response to solar radiation, vapour pressure deficit and soil moisture. Representation of these vegetation characteristics in urban air quality models could greatly improve our ability to optimize the type and species of urban vegetation from an air quality perspective. 

Air pollution removal through deposition on urban vegetation: the importance of vegetation characteristics

A systematic review of urban green space research over the last 30 years: A bibliometric analysis

Understanding vegetation structures in green spaces to regulate atmospheric particulate matter and negative air ions

Particles deposited on leaf surfaces can be resuspended back into the atmosphere, thus generating pollution diffusion and hazarding to human health. The net amount of particles resuspended depends on leaf traits and weather conditions, such as speed wind and leaf roughness. However, little is known about the influence of leaf traits of different tree species on particle resuspension under certain conditions. In this study, we chose 6 typical greening tree species from Northeast China and focused on four-leaf traits: roughness, contact angle, stomatal density, and groove width. The wind tunnel was used to measure particle resuspension from leaf surfaces at different wind speeds (1, 2, 3 m/s) and test duration (10, 20, 30 min). Subsequently, we investigated the correlation between particle resuspension and leaf traits. The results indicated that Abies holophylla had the highest resuspension fraction (61.38%), followed by Salix babylonica (58.05%), Populus alba (54.21%), Juniperus chinensis (53.59%), and Pinus tabuliformis (50.51%), while Robinia pseudoacacia displayed the lowest particle resuspension fraction (32.02%). Particle resuspension rates of the tested species ranged from (8.24 ± 0.53) × 10 −4 /s to (2.65 ± 0.51) × 10 −4 /s, which was found to increase with wind speed enhancement and decrease with duration extension. With increasing the wind speed, the Pinus tabuliformis, and Juniperus chinensis were more efficient than Salix babylonica, and Populus alba in avoiding particle resuspension. Roughness and stomatal density were a significant negative correlation with particle resuspension rates, which demonstrates that the leaf surface traits can affect the particle resuspension process. Finally, our results suggest that the main factors influencing particle resuspension from leaf surfaces are wind speed, roughness, and stomatal density, which will provide a scientific foundation for pollution diffusion in future studies. • Species-specific differences in particle resuspension were observed. • Particle resuspension rates from leaves were significantly correlated with wind speed and duration. • With increasing wind speed, the conifers were more efficient than broadleaves in avoiding particle resuspension. • Roughness and stomatal density were a significant negative correlation with particle resuspension rates. 

Particle resuspension from leaf surfaces: Effect of species, leaf traits and wind speed

Plant leaves have been demonstrated to be a crucial sink of airborne microplastics (MPs). However, because of the particular shape of MPs and their relatively weak forces with leaves, the traditional accumulation model used for the adsorption of particulate matter and persistent organic pollutants may not be appropriate for describing the interception of MPs by leaves. Here, we performed a 7-day exploration of the interception of MPs by leaves in downtown Nanning. The abundances and characteristics of leaf-intercepted MPs showed dramatic diurnal fluctuations and interspecies differences (conifers > arbors > shrubs). The fluctuation (Coefficient of Variation (CV) = 0.459; abundances 0.003 ± 0.002 to 0.047 ± 0.005 n·cm−2) was even more drastic than that measured across species (CV = 0.353; 0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.40 ± 0.04 n·cm−2). Further analysis using partial least-squares path modeling demonstrated that stomatal variation and divergence largely dominated diurnal fluctuations and interspecies differences in microplastic interception by leaves, respectively. Our results highlight that the leaf-intercepted MPs is characterized by dynamic fluctuations rather than static equilibrium and reveal the important regulatory roles played by leaf micromorphological structures in intercepting MPs, thus enhancing our understanding of the interactions between terrestrial plants and airborne pollution. 

Dynamic fluctuations in plant leaf interception of airborne microplastics

Analysis of the influencing factors of atmospheric particulate matter accumulation on coniferous species: measurement methods, pollution level, and leaf traits

Pharmacologic therapies, risk factor control, and lifestyle alterations were independently proven to reduce long-term cardiovascular events. However, comprehensive research examining the extent to which individuals aged 75 and above in the United States adhere to national guidelines for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease is limited. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to examine the current state of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in persons 75 years of age and older in the United States and to examine the factors that contribute to inadequate drug utilization and poor control of numerous risk factors.We identified patients over 75 years of age with coronary heart disease based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2018 and analyzed the adequacy of risk factor control and adherence to lifestyle and medication recommendations to assess the effectiveness of coronary heart disease management. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with uncontrolled risk factors or noncompliance with recommended medications.We collected information from 1566 known coronary heart disease patients aged ≥75 years of age. The majority were at target goals for blood pressure (58.88%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (66.85%), and glycated hemoglobin (76.12%). Only 27.8% and 36.06% were at targets for body mass index and waist circumference, respectively. 91.95% reported smoking cessation, 85.98% followed recommended alcohol consumption, whereas only 10.34% reported sufficient physical activity. For β blockers, angiotensin -converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, statins, and antiplatelet drugs, the utilization of indicated therapy was 54.41%, 49.36%, 54.79%, and 19.03%, respectively (6.26% for all 4 medications). The results of the logistic regression analysis demonstrated that diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome were critical markers of numerous uncontrolled risk variables as well as noncompliance with medication regimens.A vast majority of coronary heart disease patients ≥75 years in the USA exhibited suboptimal overall control of critical coronary heart disease risk factors. For this patient population, more knowledge is necessary to enable patients to receive continuous support, guidance, and counseling. 

The secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in US adults 75 Years and older in daily practice: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2018 survey

Hypertension is becoming more common worldwide, with a significant portion of the adult population affected and expected to grow substantially in the coming decades. Physical activity is widely recognized as an essential non-pharmacological intervention for managing hypertension. However, there remains controversy regarding the optimal intensity of physical activity, particularly for aged with hypertension. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2018) were analyzed, including 5,461 hypertensive participants aged 65 and older. Participants were categorized into three groups based on their physical activity levels: sedentary, moderate, and vigorous. Mortality rates, including all-cause, cardiovascular, and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality, were compared across these groups using multivariate logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders. The study included 5,461 hypertensive participants with a mean age of 74.36 years, split almost evenly by gender. The sedentary group had the highest mean age (74.76 years), while the vigorous activity group was the youngest (72.64 years). The majority (59.85%) were non-Hispanic White, and nearly half (49.86%) had lower incomes. Mortality rates were highest in the sedentary group (37.63% all-cause, 11.01% cardiovascular, 13.19% cardio-cerebrovascular). The vigorous activity group showed no significant reduction in mortality compared to the moderate activity group. Vigorous physical activity does not confer additional mortality benefits over moderate physical activity in older hypertensive patients and may even pose risks in certain subgroups. These findings suggest that moderate physical activity may be more appropriate for this population, emphasizing the need for individualized exercise recommendations.

Vigorous physical activity does not lower all-cause and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality more than moderate physical activity in aged hypertensive patients

Physical activity lower blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients with diabetes: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018.

Self-management of hypertension is particularly emphasized for older patients. Specifically, it is critical that initiatives regarding lifestyle modifications be applied to reduce the cardiovascular burden of hypertension among the elderly population. We included participants aged 65 years or older with hypertension from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) years 1999–2018 to analyze the adherence to lifestyle recommendations and the control of cardiovascular risk factors. Recommended lifestyle behaviors and targets for cardiovascular risk factor controls were defined according to the clinical guidelines for the management of hypertension. Logistic regression analyses were utilized to identify factors associated with nonadherence. Of 10,162 participants (mean age, 74.45 years) included, 4350 (42.81%) had controlled blood pressure. Adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors varied among respondents. Smoking cessation (88.82%) and alcohol reduction (74.11%) were relatively high, whereas adherence to physical activity (14.57%), low salt diet (36.81%), and fiber intake (12.87%) were significantly lower. A significant proportion of respondents achieved target levels for LDL-C (76.00%) and HbA1c (72.49%), whereas fewer participants met BMI (25.02%) and waist circumference (31.26%) goals for cardiovascular risk factor control. After multivariable adjustment, male gender (OR: 1.53 [1.09–2.17]), non-Hispanic black race (OR: 1.85 [1.06–3.24]), metabolic syndrome status (no vs. yes, OR: 0.67 [0.47–0.94]), and chronic kidney disease status (no vs. yes, OR: 0.63 [0.41–0.97]) were associated with increased odds of unhealthy lifestyle, whereas male gender (OR: 1.37 [1.04–1.80]), high socioeconomic status (OR: 1.61 [1.05–2.49]), metabolic syndrome status (no vs. yes, OR: 0.03 [0.02–0.04]), and diabetes mellitus status (no vs. yes, OR: 0.68 [0.49–0.96]) were associated with increased odds of uncontrolled cardiovascular risk. Adherence to physical activity and healthy diet, and control of central obesity are suboptimal among older patients with hypertension. The etiology of nonadherence is multifactorial and includes causes associated with sociodemographic status, and comorbidities.

Lifestyle modifications and control of cardiovascular risk factors in older adults with hypertension: from NHANES 1999–2018

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Analysis of the influencing factors of atmospheric particulate matter accumulation on coniferous species: measurement methods, pollution level, and leaf traits

The secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in US adults 75 Years and older in daily practice: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2018 survey

Vigorous physical activity does not lower all-cause and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality more than moderate physical activity in aged hypertensive patients

Physical activity lower blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients with diabetes: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018.

Lifestyle modifications and control of cardiovascular risk factors in older adults with hypertension: from NHANES 1999–2018

Xiaowei Liu

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Analysis of the influencing factors of atmospheric particulate matter accumulation on coniferous species: measurement methods, pollution level, and leaf traits

The secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in US adults 75 Years and older in daily practice: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2018 survey

Vigorous physical activity does not lower all-cause and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality more than moderate physical activity in aged hypertensive patients

Physical activity lower blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients with diabetes: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018.

Lifestyle modifications and control of cardiovascular risk factors in older adults with hypertension: from NHANES 1999–2018

The secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in US adults 75 Years and older in daily practice: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2018 survey