Mycotoxins are highly diverse secondary metabolites produced in nature by a wide variety of fungi. Mycotoxins cause animal feed and food contamination, resulting in mycotoxicosis. T-2 toxin is one of the most common and toxic trichothecene mycotoxins. For the last decade, it has garnered considerable attention due to its potent neurotoxicity. Worryingly, T-2 toxin can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS) to cause neurotoxicity. This review covers the current knowledge base on the molecular mechanisms of T-2 toxin-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the CNS. In vitro and animal data have shown that induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress plays a critical role during T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction and cascade signaling pathways including p53, MAPK, Akt/mTOR, PKA/CREB and NF-κB contribute to T-2 toxin-induced neuronal cell death. T-2 toxin exposure can also result in perturbations of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex and mitochondrial biogenesis. T-2 toxin exposure decreases the mitochondria unfolded protein response and dampens mitochondrial energy metabolism. Antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and autophagy have been shown to provide a protective effect against these detrimental effects. Clearly, translational research and the discovery of effective treatment strategies are urgently required against this common food-borne threat to human health and livestock.

T-2 toxin neurotoxicity: role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) have long been considered as "good cholesterol," beneficial to the whole body and, in particular, to cardio-vascular health. However, HDLs are complex particles that undergoes dynamic remodeling through interactions with various enzymes and tissues throughout their life cycle, making the complete understanding of its functions and roles more complicated than initially expected. In this review, we explore the novel understanding of HDLs' behavior in health and disease as a multifaceted class of lipoprotein, with different size subclasses, molecular composition, receptor interactions, and functionality. Further, we report on emergent HDL-based therapeutics tested in small and larger scale clinical trials and their mixed successes.

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/199141/1/fcvm-07-00039.pdf

High Density Lipoproteins: Metabolism, Function, and Therapeutic Potential.

The neurotoxicity of trichothecenes T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON): Current status and future perspectives.

Nanomaterials-driven innovative electrochemiluminescence aptasensors in reporting food pollutants

Animal models have been proven to be a crucial tool for investigating the physiological mechanisms underlying bariatric surgery in general and individual techniques in particular. By using a translational approach, most of these studies have been performed in rodents and have helped to understand how bariatric surgery may or may not work. However, data from studies using animal models should always be critically evaluated for their transferability to the human physiology. It is, therefore, the aim of this review to summarize both advantages and limitations of data generated by animal based experiments designed to investigate and understand the physiological mechanisms at the root of bariatric surgery.

/pdf/the-use-of-rat-and-mouse-models-in-bariatric-surgery-58vhhfwuox.pdf

The Use of Rat and Mouse Models in Bariatric Surgery Experiments

Role of neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P in anorexia induction following oral exposure to the trichothecene T-2 toxin.

Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Gastric Inhibitory Peptide in Anorexia Induction Following Oral Exposure to the Trichothecene Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin).

The invention discloses triplet fungal toxin colloidal gold immunochromatography test paper, which includes a sample mat, a label mat, a basement membrane and a water absorbing mat which are connectedin turn according to a sample flowing direction. The label mat includes a first gold mat and a second gold mat, and the first gold mat at least includes a first antibody with a nanogold label; the second gold mat at least includes a second antibody with a nanogold label; the first gold mat or the second gold mat includes a third antibody with a nanogold label; and the basement membrane is sequentially provided with a control line, a first detection line, a second detection line, and a third detection line in an opposite direction of sample flowing. The invention provides the immunochromatography test paper detecting three fungal toxins at the same time, the need of simple, fast and high-sensitivity on-site detection is met, and the triplet fungal toxin colloidal gold immunochromatographytest paper provides a method for quickly detecting basic level AFB1, T-2, and DON fungal toxins and screening a plurality of samples.

Triplet fungal toxin colloidal gold immunochromatography test paper and preparation method

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Role of neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P in anorexia induction following oral exposure to the trichothecene T-2 toxin.

Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Gastric Inhibitory Peptide in Anorexia Induction Following Oral Exposure to the Trichothecene Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin).

Triplet fungal toxin colloidal gold immunochromatography test paper and preparation method