In grapevine, as in other fruit crops, fruit size and seed content are key components of yield and quality; however, very few Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for berry weight and seed content (number, weight, and dry matter percentage) have been discovered so far. To identify new stable QTLs for marker-assisted selection and candidate gene identification, we performed simultaneous QTL detection in four mapping populations (seeded or seedless) with various genetic backgrounds. For berry weight, we identified five new QTLs, on linkage groups (LGs) 1, 8, 11, 17 and 18, in addition to the known major QTL on LG 18. The QTL with the largest effect explained up to 31% of total variance and was found in two genetically distant populations on LG 17, where it colocalized with a published putative domestication locus. For seed traits, besides the major QTLs on LG 18 previously reported, we found four new QTLs explaining up to 51% of total variance, on LGs 4, 5, 12 and 14. The previously published QTL for seed number on LG 2 was found related in fact to sex. We found colocalizations between seed and berry weight QTLs only for the major QTL on LG 18 in a seedless background, and on LGs 1 and 13 in a seeded background. Candidate genes belonging to the cell number regulator CNR or cytochrome P450 families were found under the berry weight QTLs on LGs 1, 8, and 17. The involvement of these gene families in fruit weight was first described in tomato using a QTL-cloning approach. Several other interesting candidate genes related to cell wall modifications, water import, auxin and ethylene signalling, transcription control, or organ identity were also found under berry weight QTLs. We discovered a total of nine new QTLs for berry weight or seed traits in grapevine, thereby increasing more than twofold the number of reliable QTLs for these traits available for marker assisted selection or candidate gene studies. The lack of colocalization between berry and seed QTLs suggests that these traits may be partly dissociated.

/pdf/new-stable-qtls-for-berry-weight-do-not-colocalize-with-qtls-1aw3madiio.pdf

New stable QTLs for berry weight do not colocalize with QTLs for seed traits in cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.).

Strawberry cultivation is constantly increasing all over the world thanks to the varietal innovations obtained by numerous breeding and biotechnology projects and to the studies performed to discover new knowledge on plant’s physiology to develop innovative cultivation systems. Genetic resources remain crucial for breeding activities that can now be integrated with new genomic and molecular knowledge and technologies. Several research groups are dominating the development and control of these technologies, but there are also many emerging companies capable of developing innovations that can have important local and even global impacts. These activities are supported by important public research projects, also of international importance, but the link with the companies that must have access to the results to improve their innovation capacity remains important. The ultimate aim is to continue to expand the cultivation of the strawberry with the development of new cultivars with high adaptability to different environments and growing systems (field, greenhouse above ground) with less environmental impact and increased safety and quality for the consumer.

Status of strawberry breeding programs and cultivation systems in Europe and the rest of the world

Pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis Makino) is a representative seed vernalization vegetable and premature bolting in spring can cause significant economic loss. Thus, it is critical to elucidate the mechanism of molecular regulation of vernalization and floral bud initiation to prevent premature bolting. Gibberellin (GA) is the key plant hormone involved in regulating plant development. To gain a better understanding of GA metabolism in pak choi, the content of GA in pak choi was measured at different stages of plant development using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that the GA content increased significantly after low-temperature treatment (4°C) and then decreased rapidly with vegetative growth. During floral bud initiation, the GA content increased rapidly until it peaked upon floral bud differentiation. To elucidate these changes in GA content, the expression of homologous genes encoding enzymes directly involved in GA metabolism were analyzed. The results showed that the changes in the expression of four genes involved in GA synthesis (Bra035120 encoding ent-kaurene synthase, Bra009868 encoding ent-kaurene oxidase, Bra015394 encoding ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, and Bra013890 encoding GA20-oxidase) were correlated with the changes in GA content. In addition, by comparing the expression of genes involved in GA metabolism at different growth stages, seven differentially expressed genes (Bra005596, Bra009285, Bra022565, Bra008362, Bra033324, Bra010802, and Bra030500) were identified. The differential expression of these genes were directly correlated with changes in GA content, suggesting that these genes were directly related to vernalization, floral bud initiation and development. These results contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of changes in GA content during different developmental phases in pak choi.

Genetic Regulation of GA Metabolism during Vernalization, Floral Bud Initiation and Development in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis Makino).

The chemical components and cell structure of fruit and vegetable tissues are the main factors affecting the textural properties of fruit and vegetable crisps, while the pore structure formed inside the crisps determines their specific crispness. This study investigated the factors influencing the textural properties of different fruit and vegetable crisps by examining the differences between the chemical components, cell structures, pore-forming structures of six different fruits and vegetables. The results showed that there were large differences between the chemical components, cellular structure and pore structure among different fruits and vegetables. The chemical components in the raw materials of fruits and vegetables were the main factors affecting the textural properties of fruit and vegetable crisps, while the cellular structure was a secondary factor. The starch in starchy fruits and vegetables supported the structure of the product, which in turn increased its firmness. The chelating pectin (CSP) content of non-starchy fruits and vegetables was the main factor influencing hardness, cell wall material (CWM) content was the primary element affecting crispness. The pore structure of different fruit and vegetable crisps was mainly dominated by connected pores, with pore diameters mainly distributed between 20 and 150 μm. The isolated pores in the pore structure were the major elements impacting the textural properties of the product, followed by porosity. 

Factors affecting chemical and textural properties of dried tuber, fruit and vegetable

Early maturity is an important target of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) breeding programs The selection and popularization of early-maturing cotton cultivars have significantly alleviated the problem of optimizing farmland cropping systems when planting cotton and cereals However, breeding early-maturity cotton with high yields and high-quality crops is sharply constrained by the genetic complexity of the early-maturity trait Despite the use of modern biotechnological tools, the exact genetic mechanisms underlying early maturity are still not fully understood Here, we systematically summarize the progress made in understanding the genetic mechanisms responsible for early maturity using the classical quantitative inheritance model, the major gene–polygene mixed inheritance model, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, gene cloning and functional analyses We also discuss the phenotypic selection strategy in breeding early-maturing cotton cultivars, the application of related QTLs and functional genomic research We suggest selecting for early-maturity indicators, especially flower and boll period, in early generations but selecting yield percentage before frost continuously among generations The stable QTLs and related markers involved in early maturity can be used efficiently in breeding programs, and QTL fine-mapping, interaction and omics studies should be performed, along with the mining and in-depth functional analyses of novel genes Such research will offer new perspectives on the practical breeding and functional genomics of early-maturity cotton

A review of genetic mechanisms of early maturity in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The runner plants of five strawberry varieties were irradiated by three different doses of 60 Co-gamma ray, and the irradiation effect of lethality, lesion, growth restraint on runner plants and the production of new runners was studied. The results indicated there was the dead runner plant in five strawberry varieties treated by 60 Co-gamma ray within 30-80 Gy. The death rate was between 22% and 88.7%,which raised with increase in the dose of 60 Co-gamma ray, but there were different death rates from the different varieties. There happened abnormal leaves in all treatment compared with control. The change of the length and width of leaf, the height and size of plant was different with irradiation dosage and strawberry variety. The occurence rate and the quantity of the new runners decreased significantly. The different varieties had different sensitivity to the irradiation of 60 Co-gamma ray, the most sensitive variety was 'Akihime', the second was 'Hokowase', 'Chun Xu' and 'Sheng Xing', 'Shuo Feng' was most insensitive. The half lethal dose of irradiation to 'Akihime' responded to between 30 Gy and 50 Gy, to 'Hokowase', 'Chun Xu' and 'Sheng Xing' between 50 Gy and 80 Gy, to 'Shuo Feng' above 80 Gy.

The Study of the Irradiation Effect on Runner Plants of Strawberry with 60Co-Gamma Ray

Based on a systematical investigation, 11 species of Fragaria spp. have been described as distributed in China. There are eight diploid species including F. vesca L., F. nilgrrensis Schlecht., F. pentaphylla Lozinsk., F. gracilis A. Los., F. nubicola Lindl., F. viridis Duch., F. daltoniana J. Gay. and F. mandschurica Staudt., three tetraploid species, including F. orientalis Losinsk., F. moupinensis (Franch.) Card. and F. corymbosa A. Los. The wild strawberry species are mainly distributed in northeastern, northwestern and southwestern China. Among the 11 species, F. orientalis Losinsk. is distributed widely from Jilin to Hunan. F. nubicola Lindl. and F. daltoniana J. Gay. were only found in Tibet. F. viridis Duch., is originated in Xinjiang region. A pentaploid strawberry genotype was found in Changbai Mountains in northeast China. Morphological analysis of 58 wild strawberry genotypes native to China was done in the field. Among the 33 morphological traits, the fruit shape, petal shape, hair on pedicel and stolon, and calyx state showed great differences. The C.V. of most of morphological traits was between 21 % and 47%. But the C.V. of petal length, flower width, and length of hairs on petiole were below 20% and especially of fruit shape, reached 80.03%.

/pdf/geographical-distribution-and-morphological-diversity-of-2urbcjk2pt.pdf

Geographical Distribution and Morphological Diversity of Wild Strawberry Germplasm Resource in China

【Objective】The aim of this study was to isolate the open reading frame sequence of Vitis vinifera Ent-Kaurene oxidase gene(VvKO),Vitis vinifera GA2-oxidase genes(VvGA2ox2 and VvGA2ox4),Vitis vinifera GA3β-hydroxylase gene(VvGA3ox4) and Vitis vinifera GA20-oxidase gene(VvGA20ox1) from ‘Fujiminori’,and for some preliminary study on their functions and expression level【Method】Silico cloning was used to clone genesRecombinant plasmid was introduced into onion epidermal cells by the particle bombardment method with a PDS1000/HeGreen fluorescence was monitored under a laser scanning confocal microscopeThe semi-quantitative and fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR methods were used to detect the spatial-temporal expression pattern of the 5 genes【Result】Five genes related to the synthesis of gibberellins were successfully clonedThe expression results of the genes showed that there were some different expression levels in different tissuesVvGA2ox2 was only expressed in the fruit,VvGA2ox4 in leaf and fruit,and VvKO,VvGA3ox4 and VvGA20ox1 in flower,leaf and fruitVvKO,VvGA2ox2,VvGA2ox4 and VvGA3ox4 combined with GFP were only located in nucleus of onion epidermal cell;however,VvGA20ox1 combined with GFP was located in both the plasma membrane and nucleus【Conclusion】All the 5 genes were involved in the development of both of reproductive and vegetative organsFour of them only showed the nucleus location phenomena by combining with GFP,but the VvGA20ox1 showed a signal at nucleus and plasma membrane

Cloning, Subcellular Localization and Expression Analysis of Genes Related to the Synthesis of Gibberellin from Grapevine

Cloning,characterization and expression analysis of beta-1,3-glucanase gene in grapevine

Components related to aroma, sugar, acid were assayed in mature fruits of two wild pentaploid strawberry accessions native to China, Hei 1 and Hei 6, by HS-SPME, GC–MS and HPLC. The results showed that the accessions contained 92 aromatic components divided into 11 categories, which included 22 components(5 categories)with relative contents higher than 1%. The predominant aromatic components were acetic acid ethyl ester, butanoic acid ethyl ester, butanoic acid 3-methyl ethyl ester, hexanoic acid ethyl ester, myrtenyl acetate,2-pentanone, 2-undecanone, ethanol,2-heptanol, 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, hexanal(,E)-2-hexenal, 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone. Butanoic acid 3-methyl ethyl ester was the unique component in the two wild pentaploid accessions in comparison with Hei 10 (Fragaria orientalis,4x) and Ji 12 (F. mandschurica,2x), and 2, 5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3 (2H)-furanone, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanol, 1-hexanol, and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol were more abundant in the pentaploids. Fructose was the major sugar, followed by glucose, while the least was sucrose. Remarkabledifference in sorbitol content was observed between the two accessions. Malic acid predominated in the two wild pentaploid accessions, more than 86% of the total acids.

Analysis of fruit flavor components in wild pentaploid strawberry native to China.

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