The author traces the history of the development of DSM-III within the larger context--intellectual, economic, scientific, and ideological--of the development of American psychiatry since World War II. Data were obtained through a literature review, investigation of archival material from the DSM-III task force and APA, and interviews with key participants. This research indicates that from the end of World War II until the mid-1970s, a broadly conceived biopsychosocial model, informed by psychoanalysis, sociological thinking, and biological knowledge, was the organizing model for American psychiatry. However, the biopsychosocial model did not clearly demarcate the mentally well from the mentally ill, and this failure led to a crisis in the legitimacy of psychiatry by the 1970s. The publication of DSM-III in 1980 represented an answer to this crisis, as the essential focus of psychiatric knowledge shifted from the clinically-based biopsychosocial model to a research-based medical model. The author concludes that while DSM-III, and the return to descriptive psychiatry which it inaugurated, has had positive consequences for the profession, at the same time it represents a significant narrowing of psychiatry's clinical gaze.

DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: a history

Some studies in the sociology of stress conceptualize their outcome variables as distress, while others treat the same outcomes as mental disorder. This article focuses on the importance of distinguishing between the two. It argues that there are fundamental differences between distress that arises in non-disordered persons and genuine mental disorder but that studies of stress typically fail to distinguish between these conditions. The article outlines the historical developments that led the field to conflate distress and disorder. Finally, it indicates some advantages for research, treatment and policy that can accrue when distress that is initiated and maintained by social conditions is distinguished from mental disorders that are dysfunctions of internal psychological mechanisms.

Distinguishing distress from disorder as psychological outcomes of stressful social arrangements

Part I. Reflections Through The Sociological Looking Glass.- Through the Looking Glass: The Fortunes of the Sociology of Mental Health.- Sociology, Psychiatry, and the Production of Knowledge about Mental Health and Its Treatment.- The Changing Role(s) of Sociology (and Psychology) in the National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program.- Part II. Sociological Theory and Mental Health.- Classical Sociological Theory, Evolutionary Psychology, and Mental Health.- Contemporary Social Theory and the Sociological Study of Mental Health.- Part III. The Social Origins of Mental Health and Mental Illness.- Class Relations, Economic Inequality and Mental Health: Why Social Class Matters to the Sociology of Mental Health.- Work and the Political Economy of Stress: Recontextualizing the Study of Mental Health/Illness in Sociology.- Race and Mental Health: Past Debates, New Opportunities.- Karen D. Lincoln.- Life Course Perspectives on Social Factors and Mental Illness.- Transition to Adulthood, Mental Health, and Inequality.- Contributions of the Sociology of Mental Health for Understanding the Social Antecedents, Social Regulation, and Social Distribution of Emotion.- Social Psychology and Stress Research.- Part IV. Social Responses to Mental Illness.- Stigma and the Sociological Enterprise.- Social Integration: A Conceptual Overview and Two Case Studies.- Sociological Traditions in the Study of Mental Health Services Utilization.- An Organizational Analysis of Mental Health Care.- Recognizing a Role for Structure and Agency: Integrating Sociological Perspectives into the Study of Recovery from Severe Mental Illness.- Part V. Mental Health, Social Mirror: Looking Forward, Reflecting Back.- Mainstream Sociology and Sociological Specialties: Toward Understanding the Gap and Its Consequences

Mental Health, Social Mirror

The emotional state of war-affected populations has become a central concern for international policy-makers in the last decade. Growing interest in war trauma is influenced by contemporary Anglo-American emotionology, or emotional norms, which tends to pathologize ordinary responses to distress, including anger related to survival strategies. The article critically analyses the ascendancy of a therapeutic security paradigm in international politics, which seeks to explain the prevailing political, economic and social conditions in terms of cycles of emotional dysfunctionalism. The article contends that international therapeutic governance pathologizes waraffected populations as emotionally dysfunctional and problematizes their right to self-government, leading to extensive external intervention. However, international therapeutic governance may be detrimental to postwar recovery as well legitimizing a denial of self-government.

/pdf/war-on-the-couch-the-emotionology-of-the-new-international-1y26wtd7s3.pdf

War on the Couch The Emotionology of the New International Security Paradigm

In the 1960s and '70s, the popular diagnosis for America's problems was that society was becoming a madhouse. In this intellectual and cultural history, Michael E. Staub examines a time when many believed insanity was a sane reaction to absurd social conditions, psychiatrists were agents of repression, asylums were labor camps for society's undesirables, and mental illness was a concept with no medical basis. Staub explores the general consensus that societal ills - from family dynamics and childrearing to the Vietnam War and racism - were the roots of mental illness. He chronicles the surge in influence of psychodynamic theories advanced by Theodor Adorno, R. D. Laing, Thomas Szasz, and others, along with the rise of radical therapy and psychiatric survivors movements. He shows how these theories of anti-psychiatry held unprecedented sway over an enormous range of medical, social, and political debates until a bruising backlash against these theories effectively distorted them into caricatures. The first study to explain how social diagnostic thinking emerged, "Madness Is Civilization" casts new light on the politics of the postwar era.

Madness Is Civilization: When the Diagnosis Was Social, 1948-1980

Psychiatry In A Troubled World: Yesterday's War And Today's Challenge

Although mental deficiency is one of the cardinal symptoms of the cerebral adiposity syndrome described originally by Moon and Laurence and subsequently Biedl, most of the case reports have only mentioned its absence or presence. Few have described the mental picture more than to state that the patient was “retarded” or “demented” or “imbecilic” and only six eases have given the results of a psychometric examination. No reports have described the mental picture in any detail. No attempt is made here to review the literature. Ornsteen has summarized the pathogenesis and heredity and Reilly and Lisser have contributed a very excellent survey of all the reported cases up to their time of publication (1932) Avith the addition of four cases of their own, a total of 77 eases. They list the six cardinal symptoms as obesity, genital dystrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, mental deficiency, polydactylism, and familial occurrence. Of the 77 reported cases, 25 showed the complete set of symptoms and 10 were questionably c...

The psychological picture of a case of laurence-moon-biedl syndrome

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