Body weight loss and changes in blood lipid levels in normal men on hypocaloric diets during Ramadan fasting

Hypohydration and fasting are used as means to achieve body mass loss and Ramadan fasting is practised by millions of Muslims as a religious custom. Although both hypohydration and fasting have been studied extensively, the effect of hypohydration and Ramadan style fasting on many aspects of human performance is still unclear.

In Chapter 3, the effect of exercise-induced hypohydration on muscle performance was evaluated. The protocol was developed to eliminate masking and exacerbating factors such as changes in muscle glycogen storage, muscle temperature, fatigue and fluid distribution change and acid base status. Muscle strength and endurance decreased due to hypohydration equivalent to 2% of body mass. This suggests that hydration status itself can affect adversely athletes’ performance.

In Chapter 4, the effect of one day (11 h) of Ramadan style fasting on some aspects of exercise performance during the day was investigated. Participants were tested three times throughout the day: at 7:00 am, 12:00 noon and 7:00 pm. 11 h of Ramadan style fasting decreased body mass by 2.1%. No change was found in exercise performance measurements. The results of this study suggest that this short period of fasting has no measurable effects on performance and/or that any effects are compensated by the circadian rhythm throughout the day. However, most athletes use more intense fasting or several consecutive days of fasting to achieve their weight reduction goal. 

In Chapter 5, the effect of Ramadan fasting (one month long intermittent fasting) on some aspects of exercise performance of athletes (weight category and non-weight category sports) and recreationally active individuals was studied. Participants were tested before, during (after the first week and in the last week) and after the month of Ramadan. Ramadan style living (involving a change in timing of food intake and sleep pattern) affects most of the anthropometric and physical performance parameters of the athletes and of the recreationally active subjects, with no difference in the pattern of change between groups. Almost all of the differences were recovered a week after the end of fasting. 

Chapter 6 contains the results of three studies focused on the effects of fasting on cognitive function (study A- breakfast elimination; study B- one day (11 h) of Ramadan style fasting; and study C- one month of Ramadan fasting). Results of these studies make a logical conclusion that fasting has a detrimental effect on memory, reaction time and accuracy of responses. The pattern of the effects showed differences that may be related to various participants’ characteristics (age group, gender) and the nature of intervention. 
In summary, Ramadan style fasting may affect performance of some mental and physical tasks in some, but perhaps not in all individuals.

The effect of fasting and fluid restriction on performance

This investigation quantified body composition and aerobic capacity and examined the interrelationships of these measures in 20 morbidly obese females (M age = 34.6 yrs) prior to gastric bypass surgery. Fifteen subjects were hydrostatically weighed at residual lung volume in order to determine body composition. Eighteen subjects performed a maximal modified progressive treadmill test to determine aerobic capacity. Results indicated that the 15 subjects who were weighed hydrostatically were heavier (M wt = 132.34 kg) and fatter (M % fat = 53.18) than any previously described individuals. Relative weight, which is used as a criterion to determine surgery eligibility, was not significantly (p > .05) correlated to percent body fat. Mean aerobic capacity (VO2 = 14.99 ml • kg-1 mir-1) was comparable to Class III cardiac patients and was limited by the individuals’ extreme body weight. Since relative weight was shown to be an insensitive measure of obesity, it is recommended that percent fat be measured and use...

Body Composition and Aerobic Capacity in Morbidly Obese Females

A sample of 78 black and white female subjects, age 16 � 0.5 years, was evaluated for plasma concentrations of high-density­ lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the relationship of these concentrations to dietary variables and selected cardiovascular risk factors. Blood samples were drawn from fasted subjects. A heparin-Mn 2+ solution was used to precipitate non-high-density Apo-B associated lipoproteins in the plasma, and the resultant supernatant fluid was analyzed for high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol by direct determination. Total cholesterol was also measured in plasma by a direct determination method. Nutrient intake was assessed by 24-hour dietary recall. Anthropometric variables evaluated in relation to HDL-C included weight, height, tricep skinfold, arm circumference, ponderal index, relative weight, and an obesity index based on factorial analysis of weight, tricep skinfold, arm circum­ ference and height. Other factors evaluated in relation to HDL-C were blood pressure, activity level, smoking frequency, alcohol consumption, and use of oral contraceptives. Total cholesterol values from previous assessments of the same population were compared with the present values to identify a trend in the lipid profile of the population over a period of seven years. No significant difference was found between mean HDL-C values for blacks and whites. Mean HDL-C values for both races were near the upper end of the normal range (30 to 70 mg/dl), while total cholesterol mean values were near the lower end of the normal range iii (120 to 230 mg/dl). Intakes of total protein, animal protein, vegetable protein, total carbohydrate and starch were significantly inversely related to concentration of HDL-C. None of the other factors evaluated were significantly associated with HDL-C. Total cholesterol data collected at four different ages revealed a trend of rising total cholesterol levels until adolescence, at which time these levels fell sharply.

https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5454&context=utk_gradthes

High-Density Lipoprotein Status of Adolescent Females and Its Relation to Diet and Selected Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the energy balance in human beings. The controls of food intake and energy expenditure in human beings are not simple; they are interdependent and are subject to many influences. It is unlikely that change in any single component can explain the major disturbances of energy balance in human beings. There is a facultative component in the thermogenic responses to cold, excess caloric intake, and other stimuli of normal subjects, which originally had survival value. There is a direct relationship between degree of insulin sensitivity and facultative response to overfeeding. A likely sequence is increase in effective serum insulin → central stimulation and activation of the sympathetic nervous system → increased turnover of norepinephrine → increased activity of substrate cycles, electrolyte pumping, and protein turnover, and possibly uncoupling of mitochondrial phosphorylation in brown fat. The composition of the diet is important for energy balance and fat storage, independent of the total caloric content and palatability. Increase in the fraction of carbohydrate in the diet increases the dietary thermogenic response. Increase in the fraction of fat in isocaloric diets, at least in experimental animals, leads to a greater increase in body fat.

Energy balance in human beings: the problems of plenitude.

Serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were measured in 16 obese female subjects before and after a short-term fast of four days. The mean body weight loss was 2.9 +/- 0.8 kg. Serum triglycerides decreased, serum, LDL, and HDL cholesterol increased significantly. Furthermore there was a significant reduction of the serum apolipoprotein B concentration, while apolipoprotein A I did not change. The atherogenic ratio apo B/apo A I were significantly lowered by the fasting period.

Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein changes in obesity after a short-term fast.

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Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein changes in obesity after a short-term fast.