The multiple nutrition properties of some exotic fruits: Biological activity and active metabolites

Sunlight photodegradation is one of the most destructive pathways for pesticides after their release into the environment. Plant surfaces, especially leaf surfaces, are the first reaction environment for a pesticide molecule after application, and spray drift would indirectly present a similar situation. Photolysis on soil surfaces becomes important when a pesticide is directly applied to soil or not significantly intercepted by plants, providing that the leaf cover does not shade the ground from sunlight. Because the foliar interception of pesticides depends on plant species and usually increases with their growth stage (Linders et al. 2000), the importance of soil photolysis is considered to be lessened when plants become mature. Spray drift after pesticide application or washoff from plants by rain is the indirect route by which a pesticide reaches the soil.

https://bilder.buecher.de/zusatz/14/14812/14812358_lese_1.pdf?origin=publication_detail

Photodegradation of Pesticides on Plant and Soil Surfaces

Lipophilization is the esterification of a lipophilic moiety (fatty acid or fatty alcohol) on different substrates (phenolic acid, sugar, protein, ...), resulting in new molecules with modified hyd...

Phenolic acids enzymatic lipophilization.

There is gathering evidence that antioxidant phytonutrients in fruits and vegetables have health-promoting effects. Eggplant fruit have a high content of antioxidant phenolic compounds. We evaluated the main class of eggplant phenolics, hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates, in the fruit of seven commercial cultivars. Fourteen conjugates were quantified and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography, ES(-)-MS, and (1)H NMR data. Significant differences in their content and composition were evident among cultivars and in tissue from stem, middle, and blossom end segments. Chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid) was the predominant compound, and its 3-O-, 4-O-, and 5-O-cis isomers were also present. The 10 other phenolics fell into four groups, including 3,5- and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers, four amide conjugates, two unknown caffeic acid conjugates, and 3-O-acetyl esters of 5-O- and 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid. Dicaffeoylquinic and 3-O-acetyl chlorogenic acids were most variable among the cultivars. Dicaffeoyquinic acids were most abundant in the blossom end, whereas 3-O-acetyl esters were highest in the midsection.

Distribution of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates in fruit of commercial eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivars

Relationships among alpha-farnesene synthesis and oxidation, ethylene production and perception, antioxidative enzyme activities, and superficial scald development in fruit of three commercial apple cultivars were investigated at the biochemical and gene transcriptional levels. Scald-susceptible Cortland and Law Rome and scald-resistant Idared apples were untreated or treated with the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and stored for up to 25 weeks at 0.5 degrees C. Separate blushed (red) and unblushed (green) peel tissue samples were taken at harvest and after 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, and 25 weeks of storage. Large increases in peel tissue concentrations of alpha-farnesene and its conjugated trienol (CTol) oxidation products occurred in untreated Cortland and Law Rome and were about 4-9-fold greater than those in Idared. In both Cortland and Law Rome, accumulation of CTols in green peel was nearly twice that in red peel. 1-MCP treatment delayed and attenuated alpha-farnesene and CTol accumulation in each cultivar. Activities of peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) were lower in red peel than in green peel, with the exception of CAT in Law Rome, whereas no effects of 1-MCP on enzyme activities were detected except for Cortland. In control fruit, internal ethylene concentrations (IECs) increased during the first 4-6 weeks to reach highest levels in Cortland, intermediate levels in Law Rome, and low levels in Idared. In 1-MCP-treated fruit, IECs increased gradually to modest levels by 25 weeks in Cortland and Law Rome but were almost nil in Idared. Expression patterns of the alpha-farnesene synthase gene MdAFS1, the ethylene receptor gene MdERS1, and the ethylene biosynthetic genes MdACS1 and MdACO1 were generally in accord with the patterns of alpha-farnesene and ethylene production. In particular, MdAFS1 and MdACS1 showed similar patterns of expression in each cultivar. Among the controls, transcript levels increased more rapidly in Cortland and Law Rome than in Idared during the first few weeks of storage. In 1-MCP-treated fruit, transcript abundance in Cortland and Law Rome rose to untreated control levels after 10-15 weeks but remained low in Idared. Scald symptoms were restricted to unblushed skin, and the incidence in controls after 25 weeks was nearly 100% in Cortland and Law Rome compared with 1% in Idared. 1-MCP treatment reduced scald incidence to 14, 3, and 0% in Cortland, Law Rome, and Idared, respectively. Overall, the results support the proposed role of CTols in scald induction and indicate that alpha-farnesene synthesis is tightly regulated by ethylene. However, gene transcription alone does not account for the big differences in ethylene and alpha-farnesene production in Cortland, Law Rome, and Idared apples.

Ethylene and α-Farnesene Metabolism in Green and Red Skin of Three Apple Cultivars in Response to 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) Treatment

Hexane extracts of epicuticular wax from cv. Gala apples were noted to have an unusual, broad absorbance maximum at 258 nm, which led us to isolate and identify the primary UV-absorbing compounds. Column and thin-layer chromatography yielded a fraction that gave a series of paired, 260-nm-absorbing peaks on C18 HPLC. These were shown to be a family of phenolic fatty acid esters, for which retention times increased with increasing fatty acid chain length, and paired peaks were esters of two related phenolics with the same fatty acid moiety. Alkaline hydrolysis of the esters released two water-soluble phenolics separable by C18 HPLC. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry gave a molecular mass of 150 for both, and 1 H NMR plus UV absorbance spectra identified them as E and Z isomers of p-coumaryl alcohol. Alkaline cleavage of the fatty acid esters in the presence of methanol or ethanol resulted in partial derivatization of E-p-coumaryl alcohol to the corresponding A-O-methyl or O-ethyl ether. Gradient HMQC NMR of the HPLC-purified stearate ester of E-p-coumaryl alcohol indicated that fatty acid esterification occurs at the A-OH rather than at the 4-OH on the phenyl ring. This is the first report of fatty acid esters of monolignols as a natural plant product.

/pdf/novel-fatty-acid-esters-of-p-coumaryl-alcohol-in-2vgyw92821.pdf

Novel fatty acid esters of p-coumaryl alcohol in epicuticular wax of apple fruit.

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Novel fatty acid esters of p-coumaryl alcohol in epicuticular wax of apple fruit.