Virtual endoscopy (VE) is a new post-processing method that uses volumetric data sets to simulate the tracks of a “conventional” flexible endoscope However, almost all studies of this method have involved virtual visualizations of the cardiovascular structures applied to computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) datasets This paper introduces a novel visualization method called the “three-dimensional echocardiographic intracardiac endoscopic simulation system (3DE IESS)”, which uses 3D echocardiographic images in a virtual reality (VR) environment to diagnose congenital heart disease The aim of this study was to analyze the feasibility of VE in the evaluation of congenital heart disease in children and its accuracy compared with 2DE Three experienced pediatric cardiologists blinded to the patients’ diagnoses separately reviewed 40 two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) datasets and 40 corresponding VE datasets and judged whether abnormal intracardiac anatomy was present in terms of a five-point scale (1 = definitely absent; 2 = probably absent; 3 = cannot be determined; 4 = probably present; and 5 = definitely present) Compared with clinical diagnosis, the diagnostic accuracy of VE was 987% for ASD, 924% for VSD, 926% for TOF, and 94% for DORV, respectively Diagnostic accuracy of VE was significantly higher than that of 2DE for TOF and DORV except for ASD and VSD The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for VE was closer to the optimal performance point than was the ROC curve for 2DE The area under the ROC curve was 096 for VE and 093 for 2DE Kappa values (range, 073–079) for VE and 2DE indicated substantial agreement 3D echocardiographic VE can enhance our understanding of intracardiac structures and facilitate the evaluation of congenital heart disease

/pdf/three-dimensional-echocardiographic-virtual-endoscopy-for-pxjs2njccp.pdf

Three-dimensional echocardiographic virtual endoscopy for the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in children

Three dimensional tools for anatomical and radiological education for medical students are not novel. However, there has been limited ability to apply these tools into clinical practice. We speculate the reason for this situation is that although anatomical education software exists for a myriad of devices, and multiple applications exist for hand held devices, these platforms do not provide for intuitive correlation of clinical information from multiple diagnostic imaging procedures, nor do they provide users with any measure of prognostic capability. In this paper, we demonstrate the development of a virtual scalpel in the 3-D, immersive, navigable and interactive environment provided by a CAVE™. We propose that such an environment allows for the integrated visualization of medical images obtained from multiple radiological imaging platforms including CT, MRI, and PET. We intend to show such a system is advantageous not only for anatomical education but also for clinicians as a useful tool in surgical practice.

A virtual scalpel for visualizing patients in a three-dimensional, immersive, navigable and interactive virtual reality environment

In radiology, virtual reality has emerged as a candidate to solve some issues of the area, such as the ambient lighting and ergonomic postures when diagnosing. The goal of this study is to explore the literature of virtual reality in radiology in order to define and describe the state-of-the-art in addition to finding gaps and opportunities for future research. To do so, we carried out a systematic mapping study covering the period from January 2014 to July 2021. We initially found 329 papers to be reviewed, but after applying our exclusion criteria we ended up with 24 primary studies. Our results suggest that the use of virtual reality has grown recently in the field, however there are many gaps and opportunities to explore in the area.

Virtual Reality in Radiology: A Systematic Mapping Study

To evaluate the diagnostic value of three-dimensional echocardiography (3-DE) in congenital heart disease such as atrial septal defect (ASD) by virtual reality (VR), ten ASDs with different size and shape were created in ten fresh explained porcine hearts. HP SONOS 5500 imaging system was employed for 3-DE reconstructed and visualized by virtual reality computing techniques. The results showed that all ASDs were successfully reconstructed. The site, geometry were well appraised in its true form. The area, maximum and minimum diameter of ASD were measured on 3D reconstruction and compared with independently measured anatomic date. Good correlation was obtained (r>0.95, P<0.01). In conclusion, VR open an exciting opportunity in the field of diagnosis of 3-DE in congenital heart disease

http://www.cinc.org/archives/2005/pdf/0145.pdf

A primary exploration of three-dimensional echocardiographic intra-cardiac virtual reality visualization of atrial septal defect: in vitro validation

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A primary exploration of three-dimensional echocardiographic intra-cardiac virtual reality visualization of atrial septal defect: in vitro validation