This review of process analytical chemistry is an update to the previous review on this subject published in 1995(A2). The time period covered for this review includes publications written or published from late 1994 until early 1999, with the addition of a few classic references pointing to background information critical to an understanding of a specific topic area. These older references have been critically included as established fundamental works. New topics covered in this review not previously treated as separate subjects in past reviews include sampling systems, imaging (via optical spectroscopy), and ultrasonic analysis.

/pdf/process-analytical-chemistry-1edp1w106r.pdf

Process Analytical Chemistry

The present embodiments provide methods and apparatuses for providing prescribed illumination. Some embodiments provide lenses (30, 40) that include a two-dimensional beam-forming lens-profile where the profile acts to deflect light rays (38, 46) from a light source (37, 61) into a relatively narrow output beam (47). A zone of higher refractive index than that of the area outside the profile is enclosed where the higher refractive-index zone admits the light rays, a transverse axis of revolution (34, 42) is further included and extends transversely across and outside of the lens-profile so that the transverse axis extends generally laterally with respect to a luminous centroid-direction of the output beam. The lens further includes a surface of revolution formed by circularly sweeping the lens-profile about the axis .of revolution forming a circumferential beam from the output beam emitted by said surface of revolution.

Circumferentially emitting luminaires and lens elements formed by transverse-axis profile-sweeps

A variety of illumination devices are disclosed that are configured to manipulate light provided by one or more light-emitting elements (LEEs). In general, embodiments of the illumination devices feature one or more optical couplers that redirect illumination from the LEEs to a reflector which then directs the light into a range of angles. In some embodiments, the illumination device includes a second reflector that reflects at least some of the light from the first reflector. In certain embodiments, the illumination device includes a light guide that guides light from the collector to the first reflector. The components of the illumination device can be configured to provide illumination devices that can provide a variety of intensity distributions. Such illumination devices can be configured to provide light for particular lighting applications, including office lighting, task lighting, cabinet lighting, garage lighting, wall wash, stack lighting, and downlighting.

Illumination devices including multiple light emitting elements

A lighting system for generating an illumination product comprises an excitation source, blue/UV LED, operable to generate excitation radiation and a remotely located phosphor, photo luminescent material. Excitation radiation is guided from the excitation source to the phosphor by a waveguiding medium, the waveguiding medium being configured such that the distance the radiation travels from the excitation source to the phosphor layer is at least one centimeter in length. The UV/blue excitation source provides excitation radiation to the phosphor(s), causing the phosphor(s) to photo luminesce, and it may also provide a component of the final illumination product. The configuration of the waveguide allows a greater flexibility in lighting system configurations, such as hanging lighting fixtures, desk lighting fixtures, floor standing lighting fixtures, desk lamps, track lighting, spot lighting, accent lighting, lighting panels, inspection lamps and endoscopes.

Light emitting diode lighting system

An apparatus creating a flickering flame effect. The apparatus includes a housing with an interior space with first and second stages. A drive mechanism generates a time varying electromagnetic field extending into the first stage. A first pendulum member is pivotally mounted in the interior space of the first stage and includes first and second magnets on first and second ends, with the first end proximate to the drive mechanism such that the first magnet interacts with the varying electromagnetic field to cause movement of the pendulum member. The apparatus includes a second pendulum member pivotally mounted in the second stage with a magnet on a first end proximate to the second end of the first pendulum member. A flame silhouette element extends from the second pendulum member, and a light source transmits light onto the flame silhouette, which is moving due to the magnetic coupling of the pendulum members.

Kinetic flame device

A runway and taxiway lighting system (of FIG. 1 ). The system ( 100 ) includes a housing ( 105 ) as part of a light assembly ( 102 ), which light assembly ( 102 ) includes a light source ( 120 ) for emitting light ( 123 ), and a light pipe ( 126 ). The light pipe ( 126 ) has a first end ( 124 ) in close association with the light source ( 120 ) for coupling the light ( 123 ) thereinto, and a second end ( 128 ) from which the light ( 123 ) is dispersed. The system ( 100 ) also includes a power source encased in a power box ( 108 ), and operatively connected to the light assembly ( 120 ) for providing power thereto.

Elevated airfield runway and taxiway edge-lights utilizing light emitting diodes

An electric lamp includes a first light source and a second light source and power circuitry configured to selectively energize the first light source and the second light source. The first light source is configured to produce light that is substantially free of wavelengths below about 530 nanometers, and the second light source is configured to product light having wavelengths of less than about 530 nanometers. The electric lamp is configured to produce white or near-white light in a variety of color temperatures, while retaining good color rendering index.

Multi-chip light emitting diode light device

An optical sensor for determining an index of refraction of a substance being monitored includes a light source (20). An optical element (24) having a coupling surface (30) and a measuring surface (26) is arranged such that light directed into the optical element (24) through the coupling surface (30) is partially reflected twice from the measuring surface such that it is directed to and exits through the coupling surface (30). The measuring surface (26) is preferably spherical. An input optical fiber (22) having first and second ends directs light emitted from the light source to the coupling surface of the optical element. The first and second ends of the input optical fiber (22) are optically coupled to the coupling surface (30) of the optical element (24) and the light source, respectively. An output optical fiber (28) has first and second ends and directs light expelled from the coupling surface (30) of the optical element (24) to a photodetector (50). The first and second ends of the output optical fiber (28) are optically coupled to the coupling surface (30) of the optical element (24) and the photodetector, respectively. The amount of light that is partially reflected at each reflection from the measuring surface (26) is dependent upon the difference between the index of refraction of the optical element (24) and the index of refraction of the substance being monitored (12) which is adjacent the measuring surface (26) of the optical element.

Hemispherical double reflection optical sensor

Described herein is a LED PAPI having an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs), the array of LEDs comprising a first set of LEDs emitting a first color and a second set of LEDs emitting a second color. Light from the array of LEDs passes through a pair of apertures separated by a precision ground blade. The precision ground blade has a first edge that is closest to the array of LEDs and a second edge opposite the first edge. The first and second edges have different thicknesses. After passing through the apertures, the light passes through a first lens and a second lens.

Light emitting diode precision approach path indicator (LED papi)

Research and development work has been conducted on a fiber-optic hydrocarbon sensor system for use in environmental and process monitoring. The sensing transducer consists of three plastic-clad silica fibers, one with a short section of analyte-sensitive cladding or bare core exposed to the environment. The cores of the three fibers fused together near their distal ends, which are mirrored to couple light from the input fiber into the other sensing and reference fiber pair. A relatively simple optoelectronic controller is used to excite and interrogate the sensor. The sensor construction and operation of the sensing system are described and results of laboratory and field tests are presented.

Fiber-optic sensor system for hydrocarbon vapors

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