Part 1: The extent of parasitism definitions the concept of harm some adaptations to parasitism life cycle and ecology. Part 2 Population concepts: background general definitions factors affecting parasite populations the dispersion concept dynamics of population growth. Part 3 Factors influencing parasite populations: density-independent factors - introduction - case histories density-dependent factors - introduction - case histories suprapopulation dynamics - introduction - case histories. Part 4 Influence of parasites on host populations: introduction to the concept of regulation Crofton's approach overdispersion and regulation - introduction overdispersion and regulation - case histories epidemiological implications models. Part 5 Life history strategies: reproductive strategies colonization strategies host behaviour and transmission theoretical considerations. Part 6 Infracommunity dynamics: the evolution of parasite communities infracommunity structure the screen/filter concept. Part 7 Component and compound communities: core-satellite and generalist-specialist species concepts determinants of the component community habitat variability (succession) and parasitism the biocoenosis and parasite flow the allogenic-autogenic species concept. Part 8 Biogeographical aspects: some factors affecting the geographical distribution of parasites patterns of distribution ecological aspects applied aspects of biogeography. Part 9 Evolutionary aspects: microevolution evolution of host-parasite interactions parasite influence in the evolutionary biology of the host. Part 10 Concluding remarks: population concepts factors influencing parasite populations influence of parasites on host populations life-history strategies infracommunity dynamics component and compound community structure biogeographical aspects evolutionary aspects what next for the evolution and ecology of parasitism?

A Functional Biology of Parasitism. Ecological and a Evolutionary Implications

Examination of the spiral intestines of 29 whiptail stingrays, Dasyatis brevis, from 6 sites in the Gulf of California, Mexico in 1993 and 1996 resulted in the discovery of 4 new species of Acanthobothrium: Acanthobothrium bullardi, Acanthobothrium dasi, Acanthobothrium rajivi, and Acanthobothrium soberoni. This brings the total number of species of Acanthobothrium known from the eastern Pacific Ocean to 34. With 22 additional species reported from elasmobranchs from the western Atlantic Ocean, and over 100 species globally, the number of interspecific comparisons required to justify the designation of a new species is rather unwieldy. To facilitate these and future comparisons, and in the absence of a phylogenetic hypothesis for this genus, the 56 species of Acanthobothrium from these 2 geographic regions were categorized for 4 characters: total length (≤ or >15 mm), number of segments (≤ or >50 segments), number of testes (≤ or >80), and symmetry of poral and aporal ovarian lobes. These 56 taxa and thei...

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-parasitology/volume-87/issue-2/0022-3395(2001)087[0354:FNSOAC]2.0.CO;2/FOUR-NEW-SPECIES-OF-ACANTHOBOTHRIUM-CESTODA--TETRAPHYLLIDEA-FROM-THE/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0354:FNSOAC]2.0.CO;2.pdf

Four new species of acanthobothrium (cestoda: tetraphyllidea) from the whiptail stingray dasyatis brevis in the gulf of california, mexico

An exhaustive literature search supplemented by a critical examination of records made it possible to present an annotated checklist of tapeworms (Cestoda) that, as adults or larvae (metacestodes), parasitize freshwater, brackish water and marine fishes, i.e. cartilaginous and bony fishes, in South America. The current knowledge of their species diversity, host associations and geographical distribution is reviewed. Taxonomic problems are discussed based on a critical evaluation of the literature and information on DNA sequences of individual taxa is provided to facilitate future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. As expected, the current knowledge is quite uneven regarding the number of taxa and host-associations reported from the principal river basins and marine ecoregions. These differences may not only reflect the actual cestode richness but may also be due to the research effort that has been devoted to unravelling the diversity of these endoparasitic helminths in individual countries. A total of 297 valid species, 61 taxa identified to the generic level, in addition to unidentified cestodes, were recorded from 401 species of fish hosts. Among the recognized cestode orders, 13 have been recorded in South America, with the Onchoproteocephalidea displaying the highest species richness, representing c. 50% of all species diversity. The majority of records include teleost fish hosts (79%) that harbour larval and adult stages of cestodes, whereas stingrays (Myliobatiformes) exhibit the highest proportion of records (39%) among the elasmobranch hosts. Fish cestodes are ubiquitous in South America, being mostly recorded from the Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific (WTSP; 31%) for marine hosts and the Amazon River basin (45%) for freshwater ones. The following problems were detected during the compilation of literary data: (i) unreliability of many records; (ii) poor taxonomic resolution, i.e. identification made only to the genus or even family level; (iii) doubtful host identification; and (iv) the absence of voucher specimens that would enable us to verify identification. It is thus strongly recommended to always deposit representative specimens in any type of studies, including faunal surveys and ecological studies. An analysis of the proportion of three basic types of studies, i.e. surveys, taxonomic and ecological papers, has shown a considerable increase of ecological studies over the last decade.

Annotated Checklist of Fish Cestodes from South America

As part of a survey of parasites of elasmobranchs of Malaysian Borneo, the cestode fauna of the dasyatid stingray Himantura uarnacoides was examined for the first time. Among other cestodes, this stingray was found to host 5 species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849 new to science. Based on the criteria of Ghoshroy and Caira (2001), these consisted of the 4 category 1 species (<15 mm total length, <50 proglottids, <80 testes, with a symmetrical ovary) Acanthobothrium foulki n. sp., Acanthobothrium gnomus n. sp., Acanthobothrium larsoni n. sp., and Acanthobothrium lepidum n. sp., and 1 category 2 species (<15 mm total length, <50 proglottids, <80 testes, with an asymmetrical ovary), Acanthobothrium tetabuanense n. sp. Acanthobothrium foulki and A. larsoni differ from all of the ∼150 known species of Acanthobothrium except Acanthobothrium southwelli Subhapradha, 1955 and Acanthobothrium saliki Fyler and Caira, 2006 in their possession of testes posterior to the ovarian bridge. However, A. foulki...

https://bioone.org/journals/comparative-parasitology/volume-73/issue-1/4194.1/Five-New-Species-of-Acanthobothrium-Cestoda--Tetraphyllidea-from-Himantura/10.1654/4194.1.pdf

Five new species of Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from himantura uarnacoides (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) in Malaysian Borneo

The surface of the tegument of the scolex and the immature proglottides of Monticellia belavistensis , M. ventrei , Nomimoscolex chubbi , and N. lopesi is described using scanning electron microscopy. Only blade-like spiniform microtriches and filiform microtriches were observed in the species studied. The types, size and density of microtriches on the apical region surface of the scolex, central cavity surface of suckers, marginal ring surface of suckers, non-adherent surface of suckers, proliferation zone surface, and immature proglottis surface were compared among these species. The distribution pattern of the microtriches was not a reliable feature to discriminate among the genera considered in this study. It varied in each of the species of Monticellia examined, and did not permit to split the heterogeneous genus Nomimoscolex . However, the microthrix pattern can be regarded as an additional diagnostic feature to distinguish among species of proteocephalideans. Further comparative research involving other species of proteocephalid taxa is needed to elucidate the systematic value of the tegumental morphology.

Comparative study of the microtriches of adult Cestodes (Proteocephalidea: Monticelliidae), and some comments on their systematic value

Acanthobothrium marplatensis n. sp. is described from the spiral intestine of the skate Rioraja castelnaui taken off Mar del Plata, Argentina. The new species is compared with those species that it most closely resembles morphologically, to species reported from other skate hosts and to species described from the same geographical region. A. marplatensis is most similar to A. paulum, A. benedeni, A. costarricense, A. fogeli, A. himanturi, A. lintoni, A. monksi, A. olseni, A. puntarenasense and A. mathiasi. All of these species share a similar combination of characters (12–40 proglottids, 20–50 testes and total length of 2–10mm). A. marplatensis can be differentiated from these species and those described from skates by a combination of the following characters: 4.79–8.44 (6.18) mm long, with 18–30 (24) proglottids, spinose cephalic peduncle 160–338 (227) long, bothridial hooks with total length 93-134 (115), 24–39 (32) testes per proglottid, cirrus-sac curved anteriorly, ovarian lobes never reaching the level of the cirrus-sac and vaginal sphincter absent. Geographically, the new species can be distinguished from A. zapterycum and three different species designated as “Acanthobothrium sp.” reported from the coast of Uruguay and Argentina by the size of the worms, number of proglottids, position of the genital pores and size of the bothridial hooks. A. marplatensis showed the greatest preference for chambers 2 and 3 of the eight chambers of the spiral intestine. The mean intensity of infection in individual hosts increased with host size and was greater in spring and summer than in cold seasons. The intensity of infection was unrelated to host sex.

A new species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from Rioraja castelnaui (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei) in coastal waters of Argentina

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A new species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from Rioraja castelnaui (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei) in coastal waters of Argentina