The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) is a 344-item self-report inventory that assesses various domains of personality and psychopathology among adults and was designed for use in professional and research settings Items are answered on a 4-point Likert-type scale according to the extent to which they reflect true descriptions of client experiences These items are then combined into 22 nonoverlapping full scales, including 4 validity scales, 11 clinical scales, 5 treatment consideration scales, and 2 interpersonal scales (see Table 1) As shown in Table 1, 10 of the full scales contain conceptually derived subscales that were designed to facilitate interpretation and coverage of the clinical constructs Administration of the inventory takes approximately 50–60 minutes, and test takers should have a reading ability at the fourth-grade level


Keywords:

Personality Assessment Inventory;
personality measures;
inventories;
test validity

Personality Assessment Inventory

Abstract In psychological injury and related forensic evaluations, two types of tests are commonly used to assess Negative Response Bias (NRB): Symptom Validity Tests (SVTs) and Performance Validity Tests (PVTs). SVTs assess the credibility of self-reported symptoms, whereas PVTs assess the credibility of observed performance on cognitive tasks. Compared to the large and ever-growing number of published PVTs, there are still relatively few validated self-report SVTs available to professionals for assessing symptom validity. In addition, while several studies have examined how to combine and integrate the results of multiple independent PVTs, there are few studies to date that have addressed the combination and integration of information obtained from multiple self-report SVTs. The Special Issue of Psychological Injury and Law introduced in this article aims to help fill these gaps in the literature by providing readers with detailed information about the convergent and incremental validity, strengths and weaknesses, and applicability of a number of selected measures of NRB under different conditions and in different assessment contexts. Each of the articles in this Special Issue focuses on a particular self-report SVT or set of SVTs and summarizes their conditions of use, strengths, weaknesses, and possible cut scores and relative hit rates. Here, we review the psychometric properties of the 19 selected SVTs and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, we make tentative proposals for the field to consider regarding the number of SVTs to be used in an assessment, the number of SVT failures required to invalidate test results, and the issue of redundancy when selecting multiple SVTs for an assessment. 

/pdf/assessing-negative-response-bias-using-self-report-measures-i318ewup.pdf

Assessing Negative Response Bias Using Self-Report Measures: New Articles, New Issues

Objective: This study describes the derivation and initial validation evidence of a novel Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scale designed to be sensitive to cognitive response bias, as defined by poor performance on performance validity tests (PVTs), in the context of neuropsychological assessment. The Cognitive Bias Scale (CBS) is a ten-item scale that was designed to discriminate between neuropsychological patients who passed or failed PVTs. Method: In a sample of 306 consecutive mixed neuropsychological outpatients, the CBS was derived by initially selecting items that significantly discriminated participants who passed and failed two or more PVTs, with further item refinement utilizing Item Response Theory methods. Results: Initial validation evidence suggests the CBS outperforms existing PAI symptom validity tests in predicting failure on two or more PVTs. The CBS showed good ability to discriminate between valid and invalid performance validity (Cohen's d = -0.96), with good classification accuracy (area under the curve = 0.72). Conclusions: Study results suggest the CBS may be useful in detecting cognitive response bias in a mixed neuropsychological outpatient sample; however, cross-validation will be necessary to further establish its utility.

The construction and the initial validation of the Cognitive Bias Scale for the Personality Assessment Inventory

Archival data were collected from 98 male inmates at a psychiatric inpatient unit to examine the utility of the Multiscale Feigning Index (MFI) as a proposed feigning index for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). MFI was compared with existing PAI feigning indices, Malingering (MAL), Negative Impression Management (NIM), and Rogers Discriminant Function (RDF), using performance on the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) as the feigning criterion. Regression analyses revealed that MFI was a stronger predictor of SIRS outcome than NIM, MAL, and RDF. In addition, NIM, MAL, and RDF did not add substantial incremental validity to MFI in predicting SIRS outcome. Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed sensitivity of 68.89% and specificity of 94.34% at an MFI cutoff of more than 76, which compared favorably with the utility of NIM, MAL, and RDF.

The Detection of Feigning Using Multiple PAI Scale Elevations A New Index

Utility of the Personality Assessment Inventory in detecting feigned Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The Feigned Adult ADHD index

The personality assessment inventory (PAI) includes three scales to address negative feigning, but none have proved successful under all circumstances, especially with forensic populations. Using psychiatric inpatients, a new validity scale was developed for individuals presenting with higher levels of psychopathology, as often is the case with forensic patients. Items with extreme response frequencies were identified from within PAI's eight clinical scales that address psycho-pathology; from these a negative distortion scale (NDS) was constructed. To evaluate efficacy of the NDS, the structured interview of reported symptoms (SIRS) was used as a criterion measure for malingering. The NDS was found to effectively discriminate suspected malingerers, and it added incremental validity to existing PAI validity measures.

The negative distortion scale: a new PAI validity scale

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The negative distortion scale: a new PAI validity scale