NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate ☆

Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system.

Background 
Various lines of evidence have shown that bisphenol A [BPA; HO-C6H4-C(CH3)2-C6H4-OH] acts as an endocrine disruptor when present in very low doses We have recently demonstrated that BPA binds strongly to human estrogen-related receptor-γ (ERR-γ ) in a binding assay using [3H]4-hydroxytamoxifen ([3H]4-OHT) We also demonstrated that BPA inhibits the deactivation activity of 4-OHT

Direct Evidence Revealing Structural Elements Essential for the High Binding Ability of Bisphenol A to Human Estrogen-Related Receptor-γ

Among the family of steroidal molecules, only estrogens have the capability of preventing neuronal cell death caused by increased oxidative burden. Employing neuronal cell lines, brain membrane, and low density lipoprotein oxidation assays, we show that the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of estrogens are dependent not on their genomic properties as hormones but rather on their basic chemical properties as hydrophobic phenolic molecules. Concentrations of 17β-estradiol of 0.1–500 nM, which confer maximum estrogen receptor-dependent gene transcription in vitro as well as maximum estrogen receptor binding, respectively, do not show antioxidant or neuroprotective effects. In contrast, phenolic compounds such as 2,4,6-trimethylphenol, N-acetylserotonin, and 5-hydroxyindole exhibit neuroprotective effects without any estrogenicity. Comparing various natural and synthetic mono- and polyphenolic compounds, no correlation between their antioxidant cytoprotective effect and their estrogenic potency can be seen. These results call into question the idea of a general correlation between the intended pharmacological effects of estrogens and phenolic compounds and their effect on estrogen receptor-dependent pathways. Furthermore, they may open the door toward the rational design of neuroprotective antioxidants with decreased hormonal side effects.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/96/16/8867.full.pdf

The antioxidant neuroprotective effects of estrogens and phenolic compounds are independent from their estrogenic properties.

Endocrine disruptor bisphenol A strongly binds to human estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) with high constitutive activity

Binding characteristics of dialkyl phthalates for the estrogen receptor

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Binding characteristics of dialkyl phthalates for the estrogen receptor