Bloom’s work stressed the importance of cognitive entry behaviors to a large extent. In this article, we give an overview of the conceptual advances that have been made during the past decades concerning the outdated term ‘cognitive entry behaviors’. Moreover, we search for further evidence in research that will highlight from different perspectives the great importance that Bloom assumed for this factor in learning situations. Explanations for the influence of prior knowledge on learning are reviewed. Finally, some short comments are made concerning Bloom’s work in relation to new educational developments, educational practice, and teaching.

Cognitive Prerequisites and Learning: How Far Have We Progressed since Bloom? Implications for Educational Practice and Teaching

The present study describes the development and psychometric properties of the Self-Regulated Learning Teacher Belief Scale (SRLTB). The SRLTB is a self-report teacher scale with 10 items assessing teachers' beliefs about introducing self-regulated learning (SRL) in primary education. The process of item and scale development as well as testing and scale refinement procedure is presented. An explorative study (n=399) revealed a one-factor structure representing adherence of teachers for SRL in primary school. Next, Rasch analysis revealed good fit of the scale to the unidimensional continuum model. In a following study (n=553), construct validity of the SRLTB was confirmed. Finally, implications and limitations of the SRLTB for studying SRL are discussed. In general, the SRLTB appears to be a useful instrument for examining teacher beliefs about self-regulated learning practices in primary schools.

Development of the self-regulated learning teacher belief scale

Despite the heavy reliance on textbooks in college courses, research indicates that college students enrolled in first-year science courses are not proficient at comprehending informational text. The present study investigated a reading comprehension questioning strategy with origins in clinical research based in elaboration interrogation theory, which outlines how to encourage readers to recall relevant background knowledge while reading text materials. The theory suggests that the strategy increases the likelihood that readers will integrate what they read with what they know to make new knowledge. The setting for the study more closely resembled classroom conditions compared to similar studies in the past. Unlike previous studies on reading comprehension, students read a challenging passage from the textbook used in a science course in which they were enrolled. In addition, the text was longer than that used in clinical research. The college students (n = 294) in this study were randomly assigned to either a questioning strategy treatment or a rereading placebo-control. While reading, treatment students were presented with statements taken from regular intervals in their textbook (about every 150 words) and asked a simple why question about each of these statements. Significant differences were found favoring elaborative interrogation theory and its question strategy treatment over the placebo-control in terms of science comprehension even after significant estimated predictors of prior knowledge and verbal ability were statistically controlled or accounted for by removing the statistical contributions of these predictors to the main effects. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 363–379, 2010

Students' comprehension of science textbooks using a question-based reading strategy

The purpose of the study was to examine the role of domain knowledge when retrieving and using information from the Internet as a resource for essay tasks, as well as to investigate the quality of Internet searches and its relation to essay performance. In two experiments, 100 undergraduates searched the Internet for 30min and completed two essays; one in which they had high domain knowledge and one in which domain knowledge was low. Two control groups of 70 undergraduates just wrote the essays. Searching the Internet for information enhanced essay performance relative to the control groups only for the topic for which participants had high domain knowledge. In the second experiment, analyses of Internet searches revealed large individual differences in search behaviors and these behaviors did not relate to essay performance, although individuals highlighted the importance of domain knowledge in making their searches easier. Domain knowledge is one factor that educators should pay attention to when using the Internet for learning tasks, particularly when study time is limited, in order to maximize the ability of students to successfully retrieve and use information from the Internet.

Fast searching for information on the Internet to use in a learning context: The impact of domain knowledge

In the current work, we examined learners’ comprehension when engaged with elaborative processing strategies. In Experiment 1, we randomly assigned students to one of five elaborative processing conditions and addressed differences in learners’ lower- and higher-order learning outcomes and ability to employ elaborative strategies. Findings indicated no significant differences among conditions on learning outcomes. However, learners better able to employ elaborative processing strategies performed better on outcome measures. Experiment 2 extended this research and addressed whether there would be differences across elaborative processing conditions in learners’ comprehension at delayed testing. We also examined the role of motivation in performance and strategy use. Findings indicated no differences on the outcome measures at delayed testing; however, there were significant differences in learners’ performance on an integration outcome at immediate testing. In addition, significant positive correlations were indicated for several outcome measures, strategy use and mastery orientation. Future research should further consider instructional scaffolds to promote learners’ strategic processing and critical individual difference variables as they effect elaborative processing.

The effects of levels of elaboration on learners’ strategic processing of text

We examined elaboration strategy use as a function of prior knowledge with students in grades 2, 4, and 6. In this study, 134 Canadian students in 4 schools were assigned randomly to either a verbal elaboration (answer why each fact was true), imagery (create a mental picture), or keyword condition (create a mental picture using provided keywords) and presented with 4 familiar and 4 unfamiliar animal story sets. They were then tested for memory of the information. Second graders were not able to benefit from the imagery strategy unless given support. In contrast, verbal elaboration's benefits were not dependent on grade level. Imagery appeared to be a potent strategy for grade 6 students, as it is for adults, even when they had access to limited background knowledge. Introducing strategies as early as possible in the educational curriculum is vital if teachers are to encourage children to become self-regulated learners.

Use of Elaboration Strategies by Students in Grades Two, Four, and Six

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Use of Elaboration Strategies by Students in Grades Two, Four, and Six