Strong electron correlations are at the heart of many physical phenomena of current interest to the condensed matter community. Here we present a survey of the mechanisms underlying such correlations in charge density wave (CDW) systems, including the current theoretical understanding and experimental evidence for CDW transitions. The focus is on emergent phenomena that result as CDWs interact with other charge or spin states, such as magnetism and superconductivity. In addition to reviewing the CDW mechanisms in 1D, 2D, and 3D systems, we pay particular attention to the prevalence of this state in two particular classes of compounds, the high temperature superconductors (cuprates) and the layered transition metal dichalcogenides. The possibilities for quantum criticality resulting from the competition between magnetic fluctuations and electronic instabilities (CDW, unconventional superconductivity) are also discussed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/79/8/084505/pdf

Charge density waves in strongly correlated electron systems.

Charge density wave (CDW) is an important concept in condensed matter physics, germane to a number of physical phenomena. But the origin of CDW is still under debate, partly because the origin and ...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23746149.2017.1343098

Misconceptions associated with the origin of charge density waves

An overview is presented of low-dimensional electronic crystals that undergo a phase transition towards a low-temperature charge-density-wave (CDW) state. The emphasis is on inorganic compounds that develop an one-dimensional (1D) CDW. Low-dimensional features of crystal structures are discussed in relation to 1D electronic properties. X-ray diffraction is discussed as a tool to obtain quantitative information about the normal state and its structural fluctuations, and about the CDW, both in equilibrium and in its non-linear conducting state.

/pdf/the-peierls-transition-in-low-dimensional-electronic-2aypy85rml.pdf

The Peierls transition in low-dimensional electronic crystals

The charge-density-wave (CDW) transitions in compounds ${R}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ $(\mathrm{R}=\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}$ element) have been studied by x-ray-diffraction and electrical conductivity experiments for temperatures between 20 and 300 K. At ${T}_{\mathrm{CDW}}$ incommensurate CDW's $[\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q}=(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\delta}){c}^{*}$ with $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\approx}0.03]$ develop in compounds with R=Ho, Er, Tm, and $({\mathrm{Lu}}_{0.16}{\mathrm{Er}}_{0.84}),$ while commensurate CDW's $[\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q}=(n/7){c}^{*}]$ develop in compounds with $R=\mathrm{Lu}$ and $({\mathrm{Lu}}_{0.34}{\mathrm{Er}}_{0.66}).$ ${T}_{\mathrm{CDW}}$ varies between 83 K in R=Lu and 161.4 K in R=Ho. The compounds with an incommensurate CDW exhibit a second transition at ${T}_{\mathrm{lock}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{in}}l{T}_{\mathrm{CDW}},$ with ${T}_{\mathrm{lock}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{in}}$ between 55 K in R=Er and 111.5 K in R=Tm. In ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ and ${\mathrm{Er}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ this is a pure lock-in transition at which $\ensuremath{\delta}$ becomes zero. In ${\mathrm{Tm}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ and $({\mathrm{Lu}}_{0.16}{\mathrm{Er}}_{0.84}{)}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}\ensuremath{\delta}$ also becomes zero, but below ${T}_{\mathrm{lock}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{in}}$ additional satellite reflections have been discovered, at commensurate positions $(n/8){c}^{*}$ in ${\mathrm{Tm}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ and at incommensurate positions $(n/8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{2}){c}^{*}$ with ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{2}\ensuremath{\approx}0.01$ in $({\mathrm{Lu}}_{0.16}{\mathrm{Er}}_{0.84}{)}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}.$ The development of this second CDW can be understood by a two-step mechanism similar to the mechanism for the development of the primary CDW in ${\mathrm{Er}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ [Galli et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 158 (2000)]. At ${T}_{\mathrm{lock}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{in}}$ the primary CDW becomes commensurate, leading to a partly restoration of the Fermi surface, as evidenced by an anomalous decrease of the electrical resistivity for T below ${T}_{\mathrm{lock}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{in}}$ in ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ and ${\mathrm{Er}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}.$ The modified Fermi surface then provides the favorable nesting conditions for the development of a second CDW in ${\mathrm{Tm}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ and $({\mathrm{Lu}}_{0.16}{\mathrm{Er}}_{0.84}{)}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}.$ The electronic character of this transition is suggested by the anomalous increase of the resistivity for T below ${T}_{\mathrm{lock}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{in}}.$

/pdf/multiple-charge-density-waves-in-r5ir4si10-r-ho-er-tm-and-lu-w3qwhw5fja.pdf

Multiple charge-density waves in R5Ir4Si10 (R = Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu)

We report the detailed studies of resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermoelectric power on the charge-density-wave (CDW) material Lu 5 Rh 4 Si 1 0 in the vicinity of its transition temperature T 0 ∼ 147 K. Pronounced thermal hystereses loops between heating and cooling cycles have been observed in all measured quantities, making this system very unique as compared to other isostructural compounds such as Lu 5 Ir 4 Si 1 0 . The thermal hysteresis features in Lu 5 Rh 4 Si 1 0 are attributed to the presence of metastable states arising from pinning of the CDW phase to impurities. In addition, the measured physical quantities are magnetic field independent up to 8 T, which excludes the possibility of a magnetic coupling to the static CDW structure in Lu 5 Rh 4 Si 1 0 .

/pdf/thermal-hysteresis-in-the-charge-density-wave-transition-of-3naszyxrw9.pdf

Thermal Hysteresis in The Charge-Density-Wave Transition of Lu5Rh4Si10

We report the observation of a new type of charge-density wave (CDW) in the large magnetic-moment rare-earth intermetallic compound, ${\mathrm{Er}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$, which then orders magnetically at low temperatures. Single crystal x-ray diffraction shows the development of a 1D incommensurate CDW at 155 K, which then locks into a purely commensurate state below 55 K. The well-localized ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ moments are antiferromagnetically ordered below 2.8 K. We observe very sharp anomalies in the specific heat at 145 and 2.8 K, signifying the bulk nature of these transitions. Our data suggest the coexistence of strongly coupled CDW with local-moment antiferromagnetism in ${\mathrm{Er}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}{\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$.

/pdf/charge-density-wave-transitions-in-the-local-moment-magnet-3qey1mhwpw.pdf

Charge-Density-Wave Transitions in the Local-Moment Magnet Er 5 Ir 4 Si 10

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Charge-Density-Wave Transitions in the Local-Moment Magnet Er 5 Ir 4 Si 10