An overview of the characteristics and challenges of optical packet switching is given, illustrating its potential advantages within future nodes and networks, describing basic system functionalities. The opportunities introduced by the ACTS KEOPS project on all-optical packet-switching networks are highlighted, based partially on the outcome of the RACE ATMOS project, which is also considered in this article.

Network and system concepts for optical packet switching

We present an experimental demonstration of an error-free 100-Gbps OTDM broadcast star multiprocessor interconnect. A highly scalable novel node design provides interchannel switching speed on the order of the single-channel bit period (1.6 ns).

Demonstration of a highly scalable 100-Gbps OTDM computer interconnect with rapid inter-channel switching capability

We describe an ultrafast photonic switched interconnect based upon technologies developed for optical time division multiplexing (OTDM). The system uses a time-interleaved broadcast-and-select star architecture that is functionally equivalent to a crossbar switch. The interconnect offers full connectivity and low uniform latency among the input and output ports. The enabling technologies include ultrafast gated time slot tuners and all-optical demultiplexers. By utilizing these advanced optical technologies, it is possible to construct a highly scalable, rapidly reconfigurable, ultra-high-speed switch with performance beyond the capacity of current electronics. In the experimental demonstration, we constructed an interconnect with a peak bit rate of 100 Gh/s and the capability of connecting 16 OTDM ports. The system successfully demonstrated error-free operation of 100 Gb/s-multiplexing and demultiplexing in addition to rapid inter-channel switching capability on the order of the single channel bit period. The system also supports multicasting functions among many nodes. To scale the system to accommodate a large number of ports, we provide an analysis of the coherent crosstalk requirements through the network to show the potential to support hundreds of ports within practical constraints of the optical components. We believe that this system offers an approach to meet the demands of high bandwidth and fast switching capability required in current high-speed lightwave networks.

A highly-scalable, rapidly-reconfigurable, multicasting-capable, 100-Gb/s photonic switched interconnect based upon OTDM technology

Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) technology has provided tremendous transmission capacity in optical fiber communications. However, switching and routing capacity is still far behind transmission capacity. This is because most of today's packet switches and routers are implemented using electronic technologies. Optical packet switches are the potential candidate to boost switching capacity to be comparable with transmission capacity. In this paper, we present a photonic asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) front-end processor that has been implemented and is to be used in an optically transparent WDM ATM multicast (3M) switch. We have successfully demonstrate the front-end processor in two different experiments. One performs cell delineation based on ITU standards and overwrites VCI/VPI optically at 2.5 Gb/s. The other performs cell synchronization, where cells from different input ports running at 2.5 Gb/s are phase-aligned in the optical domain before they are routed in the switch fabric. The resolution of alignment is achieved to the extent of 100 ps (or 1/4 bit). An integrated 1/spl times/2 Y-junction semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) switch has been developed to facilitate the cell synchronizer.

A photonic front-end processor in a WDM ATM multicast switch

This paper describes the large-scale photonic asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switching systems being developed in NTT Laboratories. It uses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques to attack 1 TB/s throughput. The architecture is a simple star with modular structure and effectively combines optical WDM techniques and electrical control circuits. Recent achievements in important key technologies leading to the realization of large-scale photonic ATM switches based on the architecture are described. We show that we can obtain a 320 Gb/s system that can tolerate the polarization and wavelength dependencies of optical devices. Our experiments using rack-mounted prototypes demonstrate the feasibility of our architecture. The experiments showed stable system operation and high-speed WDM switching capability up to the total optical bandwidth of 12.8 nm, as well as successful 10 Gb/s 4/spl times/4 broadcast-and-select and 2.5 Gb/s 16/spl times/16 wavelength-routing switch operations.

Large-scale WDM star-based photonic ATM switches

An optical ATM switch is proposed in which cells from individual input channels are time-division multiplexed in a bit-interleave manner. This switch can easily handle multicast switching because it is based on a broadcast-and-select network. Compared to an alternative switch that uses a cell-interleave time-division multiplexing scheme, the proposed optical switch has a much simpler structure. It does not need a cell compressor at each input and a cell expander at each output, which greatly reduces hardware complexity. Feasibility analyzes showed that a 64/spl times/64 photonic ATM switch with 2.5 Gb/s input/output is possible using the proposed technology. In an experimental demonstration, 4 b cells were selected from a 55 Gb/s bit-interleave multiplexed cell stream by using a new nonlinear optical fiber switch. With its high switch throughput, our switch is a strong candidate for future large-capacity optical switching nodes.

An ultrafast photonic ATM switch based on bit-interleave multiplexing

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An ultrafast photonic ATM switch based on bit-interleave multiplexing