Recently, 'Liquid crystal display (LCD) vs. organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display: who wins?' has become a topic of heated debate. In this review, we perform a systematic and comparative study of these two flat panel display technologies. First, we review recent advances in LCDs and OLEDs, including material development, device configuration and system integration. Next we analyze and compare their performances by six key display metrics: response time, contrast ratio, color gamut, lifetime, power efficiency, and panel flexibility. In this section, we focus on two key parameters: motion picture response time (MPRT) and ambient contrast ratio (ACR), which dramatically affect image quality in practical application scenarios. MPRT determines the image blur of a moving picture, and ACR governs the perceived image contrast under ambient lighting conditions. It is intriguing that LCD can achieve comparable or even slightly better MPRT and ACR than OLED, although its response time and contrast ratio are generally perceived to be much inferior to those of OLED. Finally, three future trends are highlighted, including high dynamic range, virtual reality/augmented reality and smart displays with versatile functions.

/pdf/liquid-crystal-display-and-organic-light-emitting-diode-5b9d3ky1k3.pdf

Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives

Abstract Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and photonic devices play a pivotal role to augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). The recently emerging high-dynamic-range (HDR) mini-LED backlit LCDs significantly boost the image quality and brightness and reduce the power consumption for VR displays. Such a light engine is particularly attractive for compensating the optical loss of pancake structure to achieve compact and lightweight VR headsets. On the other hand, high-resolution-density, and high-brightness liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) is a promising image source for the see-through AR displays, especially under high ambient lighting conditions. Meanwhile, the high-speed LCoS spatial light modulators open a new door for holographic displays and focal surface displays. Finally, the ultrathin planar diffractive LC optical elements, such as geometric phase LC grating and lens, have found useful applications in AR and VR for enhancing resolution, widening field-of-view, suppressing chromatic aberrations, creating multiplanes to overcome the vergence-accommodation conflict, and dynamic pupil steering to achieve gaze-matched Maxwellian displays, just to name a few. The operation principles, potential applications, and future challenges of these advanced LC devices will be discussed. 

/pdf/advanced-liquid-crystal-devices-for-augmented-reality-and-20dhhcd2.pdf

Advanced liquid crystal devices for augmented reality and virtual reality displays: principles and applications

J Soc Inf Display. 2019;27:387–401. Abstract We review the emerging mini/micro–light‐emitting diode (LED) displays featuring high dynamic range and good sunlight readability. For mini‐LED backlit liquid crystal displays (LCDs), we quantitatively evaluate how the device contrast ratio, local dimming zone number, and local light profile affect the image quality. For the emissive mini/micro‐LED displays, the challenges of ambient contrast ratio and size‐dependent power efficiency are analyzed. Two figure‐of‐merits are proposed for optimizing the optical and electrical performances of mini/micro‐LED displays.

Prospects and challenges of mini-LED and micro-LED displays

We analyze the performance of high dynamic range liquid crystal displays (LCDs) using a two-dimensional local dimming mini-LED backlight. The halo effect of such a HDR display system is investigated by both numerical simulation and human visual perception experiment. The halo effect is mainly governed by two factors: intrinsic LCD contrast ratio (CR) and dimming zone number. Based on our results, to suppress the halo effect to indistinguishable level, a LCD with CR≈5000:1 requires about 200 local dimming zones, while for a LCD with CR≈2000:1 the required dimming zone number is over 3000. Our model provides useful guidelines to optimize the mini-LED backlit LCDs for achieving dynamic contrast ratio comparable to organic LED displays.

High dynamic range liquid crystal displays with a mini-LED backlight.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-022-00851-3.pdf

A high dynamic range liquid crystal display (HDR-LCD) can enhance the contrast ratio of images by utilizing locally controlled dynamic backlight. We studied the HDR-LCD as a dual-panel display: a backlight module and a liquid crystal (LC) cell. As the gamma of the LC signal, the backlight module was also endowed with a gamma function to control the contrast ratio of HDR images. The inverse of a mapping function (IMF) method proposed as a dynamic gamma mapping curve for the backlight module, has been demonstrated to further improve in HDR image quality. By implementing the IMF method on a HDR-LCD TV with 88 backlight zones, the image contrast ratio can reach while maintaining high brightness, clear image detail, and an average power reduction of 30%.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/8765/1/000259552500005.pdf

Dynamic Backlight Gamma on High Dynamic Range LCD TVs

A high-dynamic-range liquid crystal display (HDR-LCD) can much enhance the contrast ratio of image and reduce power consumption upon the locally controlled dynamic backlight. Delta-color adjustment(DCA) method with simple adjustment progress, was proposed and demonstrated on a 37″ HDR-LCD to further reduce the power consumption, increase the contrast widen the NTSC ratio and can still maintain image details.

Delta-color adjustment (DCA) method for color controlled backlight of high dynamic range LCD-TVs

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of processing images. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of processing an image having a plurality of image pixels expressed in grey level values, GL IN (i), of n bits in a RGB color domain so as to obtain the maximum gray level value among the gray level values of all RGB colors of the plurality of image pixels, determining a color shift compensation coefficient, ξ M , according to the maximum gray level value of the image, and transforming the image into an output image having grey level values, GL OUT (i), that satisfies the relationship of GL OUT (I) = ξ M ×GL IN (i) ≤ N.

Color shift solution for dynamic contrast ratio in a liquid crystal display

The present invention provides an image optimization method for the liquid crystal display device, wherein the liquid crystal display device includes a backlight module and a liquid crystal layer. The image optimization technique includes controlling the backlight module to generate a light having at least two lights having different brightness. Furthermore, other than the liquid crystal driving signals used to drive the liquid crystal layer, in order to control the light transmittance of the liquid crystal layer, the image optimization method further includes generating a compensation driving signals to drive the liquid crystal layer together with the liquid crystal driving signal in order to raise the light transmittance of the liquid crystal layer and allows more lights from backlight module to pass through.

An image optimization method for the liquid crystal display device

ange liquid crystal display (HDR-LCD) can much enhance the contrast ratio of image and reduce power consumption by using locally controlled dynamic backlight. A novel method, segment color control (SCC) method, was proposed with low complexity, and had been demonstrated on a 37'' HDR- LCD. By using the segment color control method, the contrast ratio of image on a 37" HDR-LCD TV was successfully improved to ~40,000:1 with clear image detail, and about 10%~50% power saving. Furthermore, the SCC method further widened the color gamut from 108 %NTSC to 125%NTSC.

50.4: Segment Color Control (SCC) Method for Color Controlled Backlight of High Dynamic Range LCD-TVs

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