Ectoparasitism is an important factor associated with poor production of village indigenous chickens. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites in free ranging indigenous chicken from two different agro-ecological zones: Lower highland 1 (LH1) in Embu District and Lower midland 5 (LM5) in Mbeere District, Kenya. A total of 144 chickens of matched age (chicks, growers and adults) and sex groups were examined for the presence of ectoparasites. Of these, 138 (95.8%) had one or more types of ectoparasites, namely; lice, mites, fleas and soft ticks. One thirty one birds had lice, 107 mites, 42 sticktight fleas and 8 had soft ticks. Of the 138 infested birds, 25 had single while 113 had mixed infestations. Lice were the most prevalent parasites. The study documents Epidermoptes species, Laminosioptes cysticola and Megninia species for the first time in Africa as well as Lipeurus caponis and Goniodes gigas in Kenya. All adult birds were infected with ectoparasites followed by 97.7% grower and 89.6% chicks. Both male and female birds had same prevalence (95.8%) of ectoparasites. Lower midland 5 had a slightly higher prevalence of ectoparasites (98.6%) compared to LH1 (93.1%) though not statistically significant. Parasite intensity was significantly different among age groups of chicken and between agro-ecological zones (p<0.05), but not between sexes of birds (p>0.05). Because of the high prevalence of ectoparasites revealed by this study, it is imperative that integrated control strategies need to be put in place to improve chicken productivity and enhance smallholder livelihood in these areas.

Prevalence of ectoparasites infestation in indigenous free-ranging village chickens in different agroecological zones in Kenya

1. This paper describes the influence of some epidemiological determinants on the prevalence of louse infestation on layers in Faisalabad (Pakistan). 2. Seventy layer farms were screened to determine the prevalence of louse infestation and its determinants including age of the bird, availability of space per bird and frequency of litter change. Prevalence of Lipeurus caponis was highest (53.2%), followed by Menacanthus stramineus (22.16%), Goniodes dissimilis (12.37%) and Goniodes gallinae (12.37%). 3. Older birds (36 to 74 weeks of age) were found with a significantly higher prevalence of louse infestation than younger birds. 4. Month-wise prevalence of louse infestation was higher during the summer months (from April to August) and at older age. 5. Birds kept at floor area allowances ranging from 0.43 to 0.55 m(2) were highly infested with lice as compared to those provided with a space of 0.61 m(2) or higher per bird. 6. Litter change frequency after every 8 weeks resulted in a reduced chance of louse infestation as compared to less frequent litter changing practice. 7. It was concluded from the study that the louse infestation is a menace for the poultry production industry in Pakistan and age, space per bird and litter change frequency are the influencing determinants. 8. Further research on the chemotherapeutic trials and resistance in poultry should be continued for an effective lice control program.

Determinants influencing prevalence of louse infestations on layers of district Faisalabad (Pakistan).

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to March 2011 to estimate prevalence of ectoparisites infestations in Haramaya University intensive poultry farm as well as to assess the effect of host related risk factors. Samples were randomly taken from 384 exotic chickens and were examined by close inspection with naked eyes and magnifying hand lens. Out of the total chickens examined, the following types and species of ectoparasites were identified: a species of flea, Echidnophaga gallinacean; a species of mite, Dermanyssus gallinae and four species of lice Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus, Cuclotogaster heterographus and Lipeurus caponis. The overall prevalence of lice infestations was 35.1%. Statistically significant difference (P 0.05) between sexes, age groups as well as between breeds. The prevalence of flea infestations between the two breeds as well as the two age groups of chicken showed statistically significant difference (P< 0.05). All of the chickens examined (100%) were infested with red mite. Besides, 259 (67.4%) birds were suffering from mixed infestations. Finally, the observed results of our study suggest that appropriate ectoparasite control measures have to be practiced to mitigate the effect of infestation by poultry pests.

/pdf/prevalence-of-ectoparasites-in-haramaya-university-intensive-50dyqx99k0.pdf

Prevalence of Ectoparasites in Haramaya University Intensive Poultry Farm

The population characteristics of the louse, Upupicola upupae (Shrank) (Mallophaga: Philopteridae: Ishnocera), infesting the Common Hoopae, Upupa epops L. (Aves: Upupiformes), were recorded during 2007–08 in District Rampur, Uttar Pradesh India. The pattern of frequency distribution of the louse conformed to the negative binomial model. The lice and its nits were reared in vitro at 35 ± 1° C, 75–82 % RH, on a feather diet. The data obtained was used to construct the life table and to determine the intrinsic rate of natural increase (0.035 female/day), the net reproductive rate was 3.67 female eggs/female, the generation time was 37 days, and the doubling time of the population was 19 days. The chaetotaxy of the three nymphal instars has also been noted to record their diagnostic characteristics. Information on egg morphology and antennal sensilla is also presented.

/pdf/bio-ecology-of-the-louse-upupicola-upupae-infesting-the-2zu6bcmgpr.pdf

Bio-ecology of the louse, Upupicola upupae, infesting the Common Hoopoe, Upupa epops

As many as 60.9% of the fowls (510) examined in twelve localities of district Rampur (during July 2000 to August 2002) were found infested with one or other kind of Phthiraptera. The order of prevalence of seven species has been found to be Menopon gallinae (51.3%) > Goniocotes gallinae (25.4%) > Lipeurus lawrensis tropicalis (15.8%) > Lipeurus caponis (11.5%) > Menacanthus cornutus (8.1%) > Goniodes dissimilis (7.9%) > Lipeurus heterographus (6.9%). Significant positive correlation existed between mean monthly prevalence rate and mean monthly temperature as well as photoperiod. The prevalence rate was significantly higher on birds having poor health and poor plumage.

Prevalence of phthirapteran ectoparasitic insects on domestic hens of Rampur (U.P.)

Prevalence of Menopon gallinae Linne (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) on poultry birds of Garhwal

Seasonal variation in the population of one amblyceran and one ischnoceran pigeon lice (Phthiraptera, Insecta).

/pdf/description-of-life-history-stages-of-poultry-shaft-louse-52yfr74512.pdf

Description of life history stages of poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Menoponidae)

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Prevalence of Menopon gallinae Linne (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) on poultry birds of Garhwal

Seasonal variation in the population of one amblyceran and one ischnoceran pigeon lice (Phthiraptera, Insecta).

Description of life history stages of poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Menoponidae)