The reported lightning accidents that are available in the DesInventar database—which consist of 549 deaths, 498 injured people, 39 destroyed houses, and 741 damaged houses—were analyzed in terms of their geographical and temporal variation. The average lightning flash densities were calculated using zonal statistics using the geographic information system (GIS), referring to the respective raster maps generated based on Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) data from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Satellite. Hence, the variations of the lightning accidents—monthly and climate season-wise—in response to the lightning flash density were also reported. The calculated average lightning flash density in Sri Lanka is 8.26 flashes km−2 year−1, and the maximum average lightning flash density of 31.33 flashes km−2 year−1 is observed in April in a calendar year. April seems to be more vulnerable to lightning accidents, as the maximum number of deaths (150 deaths) and injuries (147 injuries) were recorded in this month. Most of the high-risk lightning accident regions that were identified in Sri Lanka are well known for agricultural activities, and those activities will eventually create the platform for lightning victims. In Sri Lanka, in a year, 12 people were killed and 11 people were injured, based on the reported accidents from 1974 to 2019. Conversely, a substantial increase in the number of deaths, injuries, and incidents of property damage has been observed in the last two decades (2000–2019). On average, for the period from 2000 to 2019, 18 people were killed and 16 people were injured per year. Furthermore, considering the population of the country, 0.56 people per million per year were killed, and 0.51 people per million per year were injured due to lightning accidents based on the reported accidents from 1974 to 2019. Moreover, for the 2000–2019 period, these estimated values are significantly higher; 0.86 people per million per year were killed, and 0.77 people per million per year were injured.

https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/3/117/pdf

Distribution of Lightning Accidents in Sri Lanka from 1974 to 2019 Using the DesInventar Database

Durante mas de 30 anos se ha estudiado el fenomeno del rayo en Colombia con el objetivo de caracterizarlo y entender su comportamiento en la zona tropical, puesto que los estudios de esta zona son pocos con respecto a otros lugares del mundo y la incidencia de rayos es mucho mayor, por lo que estudiar y comprender este fenomeno es indispensable para la seguridad de personas, procesos y equipos. Esta tesis surge para presentar un avance en la caracterizacion de la estructura electrica de las tormentas electricas en el tropico a partir de informacion de sistemas de medicion de alta definicion en VHF, sensores de campo electrostatico y redes de localizacion de rayos en VLF/LF. En total se analizaron dieciseis eventos de tormenta a traves de algoritmos disenados en esta tesis, los cuales integran las distintas fuentes de informacion disponibles. Adicionalmente se analizo una tormenta para implementar algoritmos disenados y se realizo un analisis manual de forma grafica para obtener la distribucion de carga, altura y polaridad de la nube de tormenta, asi mismo los patrones de comportamiento, ciclos de vida y severidad a partir de mediciones reales en la zona tropical, zona en la cual no se habian desarrollado estudios con equipos de alta definicion integrados con mediciones de campo electrostatico.

Metodología para la identificación de la estructura eléctrica típica del rayo en el trópico

Introduction. Thunderstorms in general is produced by atmospherically (climatic) processes, combined with additional hazardous effects. Thus, strong wind, flash flooding and hail causes a long time consequences including damages and injuries. Lightning protection systems are designed and projected in accordance with the requirements of the normative documents, which not always included measures of personal safety and guaranteed absences of injuries. Improving the state of life safety and loss prevention are based on standards and rules, which depend on the results of risk assessment, and investigation of cause’s events. 
Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze this problem in several areas concerning the situation with a systematic approach to the technical regulation in Ukraine of such a sector of life safety as the lightning protection. 
Methods. Methods of research: calculations using a mathematical model; comparison of the results of the calculation, forecasting of the boundary parameters of the technical condition and monitoring of the lightning location systems properties; examination, qualification, definition of indicators of lightning location system in the composition of the geographical informational system, taking into account laying conditions. Also comparison of different methods for calculating positioning coordinates is given. 
Results. One of the components of the system lightning protection - the parameters of positioning coordinates of the lightning location system is investigated. The location of lightning strike points is not specified in the applicable fire safety regulations, although this criterion is often used precisely to set fire safety requirements: for buildings, utilities, fire alarm systems, and more. 
Measures are proposed for implementing test methods and means and incorporating them into standardized technical solutions. In this respect, there can be no claim to the International Electrotechnical Commission and its publications. It is suggested to take into account a number of identified gaps in regulatory documents, relationships between regulators and supervisors, user requests. The analysis of the current normative and technical requirements for the accuracy of coordinates positioning in lightning location systems. On this basis, methods of investigating the causes of events are supplemented, which simplifies the application of impact analysis and the development of protective measures. 
Conclusion. Determination of the positioning coordinates of lightning stroke is not regulated in the current normative documents on fire safety, although this criterion is often used precisely when establishing requirements for fire safety: to buildings, cable installations, to the installation of fire automatics systems and to others. It is proposed to take advantage of the accuracy in determining the location using mapping geoinformation systems and services in the analysis of indicators of the system of thrust. Conducted theoretical studies of indicators of the lightning location systems have established their relevance for risk assessment methods, measures to prevent losses and to investigate the causes of death, injury to living creatures and other property damage events.

/pdf/compliance-with-lightning-location-systems-indicators-for-3yhaonhq62.pdf

Compliance with lightning location systems indicators for risk assessment, loss prevention, investigation of causes

A feature of the aviation use in various physical and geographical conditions, in the event of emergency situations, in combat operations is the performance of tasks in the conditions of limited existing navigation and meteorological support systems functioning. Ensuring flight safety , monitoring the state and changing meteorological conditions can be implemented through the use of alternative solutions.It is suggested in the work to choose as a direction of research modern technologies that are introduced in various spheres of life, primarily on issues of national security and defense. These areas include the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to solve various problems, modern infocommunication technologies in which the tasks of wireless data exchange and electronic components with low power supply are considered. The integrated use of such technologies makes it possible to expand the possibilities of monitoring meteorological conditions in mountainous areas, the coastal zone where the capabilities of stationary meteorological support systems are limited. A method for the synthesis of sensor systems and UAVs is presented and that makes it possible to monitor atmospheric parameters and, based on the analysis of the data obtained, to identify zones of thunderstorm activity. The method is based on the use of prognostic models for calculating the indices of the atmospheric convection occurrence. The values of the calculated indices are the basis for the forecast of thunderstorm activity. The conditions for the application of these models is the determination of atmospheric parameters at different heights, the value of which is determined by the level of given isobaric surfaces. Such measurements are proposed to be implemented on the basis of a monitoring sensor network’s creation, the main elements of which are sensor systems, unmanned aerial vehicles and wireless data exchange technologies. The assessment of the possibility of implementing the proposed method was carried out by conducting experimental studies and comparing the results obtained with the data of existing systems for monitoring meteorological conditions. It is confirmed that the results of the study can serve as a basis for creating both local systems for monitoring thunderstorm activity and as part of integrated monitoring systems that ensure the safe and efficient use of airspace by manned and unmanned aerial vehicles.

Method of the sensor systems' synthesis and drones for identifying thunderstorm activity's areas

Прийняття рішення на виконання завдань із залученням авіації базується на комплексному підході щодо аналізу вихідних умов з питань можливостей протидій противника, власних можливостей та можливостей інших складових сил оборони, а також умов району виконання завдання. Одним з основних елементів щодо аналізу умов виконання завдання є врахування фактичного стану метеорологічних умов та їх прогнозу. Зміст концептуального підходу щодо врахування комплексу метеорологічних факторів полягає в їх оцінюванні з точки зору негативного впливу на противника та врахування цих умов при плануванні та реалізації своїх спроможностей. Одним з атмосферних явищ, що обмежує застосування авіації, є гроза. Своєчасне виявлення та локалізація грозових осередків, прогноз їхнього руху дозволяють корегувати порядок використання повітряного простору з метою дотримання правил безпеки польотів. Наземні засоби моніторингу метеорологічної обстановки мають обмеження щодо функціонування в умовах впливу рельєфу місцевості та зовнішніх факторів, які мають деструктивний характер. Вирішення даної проблеми можливе шляхом створення локальних зон моніторингу. Прогнозування гроз та їх моніторинг здійснюється на основі вимірювання параметрів тропосфери. Моделі виявлення конвекції атмосфери базуються на даних спостережень, які необхідно вимірювати на різних рівнях ізобаричних поверхонь. Для вирішення цієї задачі запропонована система моніторингу грозової активності на основі безпілотної сенсорної мережі. Модель застосування запропонованої системи базується на використанні положень теорії графів. На основі даних метеорологічних онлайн-сервісів та експериментальних даних проведено дослідження варіантів застосування моделі системи, що розроблена. На основі аналізу отриманих даних сформульовано вимоги та рекомендації щодо побудови системи моніторингу грозової активності та порядку її застосування з використанням безпілотних літальних апаратів в якості мобільних платформ.

/pdf/model-zastosuvannia-bezpilotnoyi-sensornoyi-merezhi-dlia-2wf68jbj.pdf

Модель застосування безпілотної сенсорної мережі для моніторингу грозової активності

Draft standard IEC 62793 deals with Thunderstorm Warning Systems (TWS). This standard introduces many definitions and deals with many technologies. The study concentrates on Lightning Location Systems (LLS) and local field mill detectors. Regarding LLS, the European lightning detection network is used as an example for determining its efficiency with respect to warnings of cloud-to-ground lightning in Western Europe using the definitions given by the standard. In terms of field experience, LLS have maintenance rules that are under responsibility of the LLS operator. But in case of local sensors such as field mill detectors it is crucial that maintenance is made by the user or a specialized company. Field experience in harsh environment shows that local sensor of the field mill type may give false warnings or at the opposite no warning if not properly maintained. The new draft standard IEC 62793 Ed. 1 addresses specifically tests on local sensors introduced to increase their withstanding against environment.

Thunderstorm Warning Systems: IEC 62793 standard

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Thunderstorm Warning Systems: IEC 62793 standard